Marine Fisheries: Traditional Practices, Commercial Fishing, and Sustainability, Slides of Biology

Download Marine Fisheries: Traditional Practices, Commercial Fishing, and Sustainability and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Fisheries Docsity.com • Traditional food production and distribution practices are unable to feed the world’s 6.3+ billion people • Will resources in the sea be able to provide enough food to alleviate future problems of malnutrition and starvation ? Docsity.com Commercial fishing: • 500 species regularly caught • Employs 200 million people worldwide • In 2002 the world fishing fleet numbered about four million vessels. In 2005: • 100 million tons taken • $70 billion Docsity.com Global Fish Catch 100 100 5 2 80 80 3 E = 60 60 s E 40 40 is 8 201 20 B e x ol 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Docsity.com 2004 World Catch of Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, and other marine species 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 China | = Se = Peru 1 USA Wai eg —— le Chile ey Indonesia me Japan eA India 3.8% Russian Fed ae Thailand [lA Norway yi el Philippines TPR is Viet Nam 2.0% Iceland BRYA Myanmar Ee Korea Rep BLES Mexico BBE Malaysia [BRYA Bangladesh [Rai Canada [Pi Qenmark BELA Docsity.com Non-Food Products from the Sea • Bioactive Compounds • Algin & Agar: products from seaweed • Whales: Oil for lubrication, in cosmetics, bones for fertilizer • Seals and sea lions: furs Docsity.com Food from the Sea • Seaweeds • Invertebrates (e.g., oysters, clams, crabs, lobster, squid, etc.) • Fish (herring, mackerel, haddock, cod, tuna, mahi-mahi, etc.) • Whales Docsity.com Fisheries management • Fisheries management seeks to maintain a long- term fishery by: – Assessing ecosystem health – Determining fish stocks – Analyzing fishing practices – Enforcing catch limits • Fisheries management does not regulate the number of fishing vessels Docsity.com Bycatch by Gear Type for 2002/2003 hook and line (7.2%) dredge (5.3%) micwater trawl (5.195) pot/trap (4.595) longline (3.9%) gillmet (1295) shrimp trawl (46.9%) purse seine (0.7%,) Docsity.com Peru Anchovy Fishery Docsity.com Peru Anchovy Fishery • Upwelling zone off Peru • Fishery began 1950 • Greatest fish catches for any single species • Fish exported for domestic animal feed • Fishery collapsed due to El Niño and overfishing Docsity.com Collapse of New England Fisheries • Cod, haddock, ocean perch, herring, mackerel, blue fin tuna • George’s Bank- highly productive, nutrient rich environment • Prior to 1976, Russia, Japan, Norway, & West Germany fished in Georges Bank Docsity.com Collapse of New England Fisheries Magnuson Act passed & prevented foreigners from fishing in U.S. waters Fishery technology intensified and resulted in overfishing Harvests were beyond the max. sustainable yield Georges Bank closes after collapse Some fish stocks begin to rebound Docsity.com Fisheries Management Council The Magnuson Act created 8 regional fisheries management councils for U.S. waters and regions: North Pacific FMC (Anchorage, AK) Pacific FMC (Portland, OR) Western Pacific FMC (Honolulu, HI) New England FMC (Saugus, MA) Mid-Atlantic FMC (Dover, DE) South Atlantic (Charleston, SC) Gulf of Mexico FMC (Tampa, FL) Caribbean (San Juan, PR) Docsity.com Fish Ladders Adult Fist Helles Juvenile By oss ( 3) Sysisuis Alaska Fisheries • Halibut and sablefish • IFQ • Limited entry c1930’s Docsity.com Shark Overfishing • Slow growth • Low reproductive rate • Late sexual maturity Docsity.com Fishing Techniques Docsity.com Fishing Methods • Harpoon - whales, swordfish, bluefin tuna • Pole and line - mahi-mahi and used for tuna extensively in the 50‘s • Longline - swordfish, tuna (pelagic); cod, halibut (bottom) • Trolling - salmon, albacore, mahi-mahi • Drift (gill) netting - various pelagic fish • Trawl - anchovies (pelagic); cod, halibut (bottom) • Purse seine - sardines, herring, mackerel • Traps and Pots - Crabs, lobster, rock fish Docsity.com Drift Net net size: 20 m x 65 km Docsity.com Purse seine Docsity.com 4e001z220.002) bottom midwater http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUHcD. _jTgVA . Deesity.com Before trawl After trawl Docsity.com Fisheries Problems & Solutions A. Maximum sustainable yield: maximum amount of fish that can be harvested without depleting future stocks B. World‘s maximum sustainable yield estimated at 100 to 135 million metric tons C. Present harvests are at about 100 million metric tons D. For fisheries where numbers available, estimated that 45% are currently over-fished E. A number of fisheries have already collapsed (Anchovy fishery off Peru, Cod fishery in the N. Atlantic) Docsity.com Fisheries Problems & Solutions F. Bycatch (or bykill): animals unintentionally killed during harvest of the target species Trawling: Bycatch in shrimp trawling is very high (125 to 830% of the catch is discarded as bycatch), turtles often caught in trawls. SOLUTION: trawls with trap doors to let turtles escape Docsity.com Dolphins caught in tuna net Purse seine: Tuna known to hang out under pods of dolphins, nets set around pods of dolphins would result in many drowning. SOLUTIONS: Nets not set around dolphin pods and/or employ — “backing down”, a technique that lowers upper edge of net letting dolphins escape Docsity.com Global swordfish catch http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/wpa cfin/hi/dar/Pages/hi_fish_2.php 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 1817 1861 1900 1961 N. Atlantic Swordfish Av e. w t. in lb s year Docsity.com Docsity.com Mariculture or Aquaculture (marine agriculture)- farming finfish, shellfish and algae under favorable conditions Big Island, Kona, Tilapia Docsity.com World fisheries and aquaculture production (million tonnes) 120 WY) Aquaculture, inland __} Aquaculture, marine W@® Capture fisheries, inland W® Capture fisheries, marine 80 40 () 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 Docsity.com  AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION —2002 COUNTRY TONNES 1. CHINA 27,767,251 2. INDIA 2,191,704 3. JAPAN 828,763 4. BANGLADESH 786,604 5. INDONESIA 754,884 6. THAILAND —- 644,890 7. NORWAY 553,934 8. CHILE 545,655 9. VIET NAM 518,500 10. USA 497,346 18. UK 179,616 19. CANADA 172,336 Docsity.com Aquaculture also produces: • Bait fish • Ornamental or aquarium fish • Aquatic animals used to augment natural populations • Algae for chemical extraction • Pearl oysters Docsity.com The Ahup ua‘a Elev. 2600" 100” Rainfall Elev. 2000° 80” Rainfalt Elev. 1000" 60” Rainfall Sea Level 25” Rainfall No Forest Zane Forest products: {Canoe trees, bird feathers, etc.) Caast-Inland Trails Agricultural Zone Intermittent occupancy of houses {Taro, breadfruit, sweet potato, sugar cane, etc.) Barren Zone No vegetation, bare lava Shelifish, seaweed, fishes Canoe Landing Docsity.com Molokai: South Coast • The pond’s walls were made from lava boulders and coral. • Walls keep the fish inside while allowing the sea water to ebb in and out. Docsity.com Types of fish raised in ponds: • ulua (papio) • owama (goatfish) • kahala (amberjack) • manini (convict tang) • palani (surgeon) • oio (bonefish) • uhu (parrotfish) These fish were kept in a separate pond to breed and raised so they could easily be harvested by hand. Docsity.com Overcrowded Pens Docsity.com Salmon with lice Parasites & Disease Docsity.com Pollution Under a salmon farm cage al ” a. a ~ ns = A f at ca OT Yt eas mele Docsity.com Hawaii open ocean aquaculture Mio, big eye tuna, yellow tail $34.7 million in 2008 Docsity.com @ oasis ex Whale Sanctuary Artificial Reefs Improve the local marine bio-density 1. attract schools of fish 2. providing habitats for the colonization of commercially valuable species 3. improve the local inshore marine harvest May wash up on beaches tires ship wrecks construction rubble Docsity.com © MONTEREY BAY ACUARIUM Seafood wi Hawaii Seafood Guide 2007 (Rep: !www.mbayag,orgicr/er_seafoodwatch/download.asp Docsity.com Barramundi (U.S. farmed) Clams (farmed) Crab, dungeness Halibut (Pacific) Salmon(wild) Swordfish (Hawaii) Tilapia (farmed) Skip-jack tuna (troll/poll, handline) Hawaii Seafood Guide 2007 Chilean Seabass Cod, Atlantic Mahi mahi (imported longline) Salmon (farmed) Sharks Shrimp (imported) Swordfish (imported) Orange roughy Tuna, Albacore (worldwide except Hawaii) Tuna Bige Eye (longline) Tuna bluefin Catfish (farmed imported) Crab, Kona Groupers (NWHI) Lobster (American/Maine) Octopus (Hawaii) Squid Trevally/Jack (Hawaii) Tuna, canned Tuna, Skipjack (Hawaii longline) Docsity.com Inquiry 1. What problems are associated with aquaculture? 2. What does fisheries sustainability mean? 3. What occurred shortly after the Magnuson Act was passed? 4. Define the EEZ. 5. What contributed to the demise of the Peru anchovy fishery? 6. Discuss technology changes in the fishing industry in the last 100 years. Docsity.com