Fiveable AP Psychology cheatsheet, Cheat Sheet of Psychology

Download Fiveable AP Psychology cheatsheet and more Cheat Sheet Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! AP Psychology 2023 Cheat Sheet | See all AP Psych study guides | @thinkfiveable Unit 1 Scientific Foundations of Psychology Unit 2 Biological Basis of Behavior Unit 3 Sensation & Perception ● Structuralism and introspection vs. functionalism ● Approaches: psychoanalytic, humanistic, evolutionary, biological, cognitive, biopsychosocial, sociocultural ● Research Methods: ● Experiment: can prove cause and effect; uses random assignment and a random sample ● Correlational study: only shows correlation ● Survey: info reported by ppl ● Naturalistic observations: observe wo intervening ● Case study: detailed study of a person/small group ● Longitudinal study: same ppl studied over time ● Cross-sectional study: diff ppl studied at same time ● The Scientific Method: theory, hypothesis (operational definition used), indept var (changes), depen var (effect), confounding var (unforseen effect) ● Measures of Central Tendency (mean, median, mode) vs. Measures of Variation (st. dev, range) ● Normal curve, skews, correlation ● Ethical Guidelines: informed consent, no harm, anonymity, debriefing, voluntary, explain possible risk ● Nature (genetics) vs. Nurture (environment) debate ● The endocrine system: pituitary gland (master gland), hypothalamus, release of hormones into the bloodstream ● The nervous system: faster but shorter lasting than hormones ● Central (CNS) - brain and spine ● Peripheral (PNS) - somatic (voluntary) vs. autonomic ○ Autonomic Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic ● Neurons - nerve cells, made up of dendrite (receives info), soma (processes info), axon (passes info), myelin sheath (speeds signal), & terminal branches (sends off info) ● Neurotransmitters (agonist vs. antagonist): ACh, dopamine, serotonin, GABA, glutamate, endorphins, epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxytocin ● Sensory/afferent vs. motor/efferent neurons ● Action potential - threshold, depolarization, all-or-none ● Brain structure - Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), Thalamus, Cerebellum, Limbic System (emotions & memory), Cerebrum (lobes and cortices), Corpus Callosum ● Split brain: left hemisphere (thinking) vs. right (creative) ● Tools: EEG, PET, CT, MRI, fMRI ● Consciousness and sleep NREM13, REM, sleep disorders ● Dreaming: manifest vs. latent content Freud) ● Sensation (Bottom-up. vs. Top-down Processing) ● Sensory adaptation, sensory habituation, gestalt principles ● Sensory transduction: receive, transform, deliver ● Signal detection theory: absolute threshold & subliminal ● Difference thres. /just-noticeable difference, Weber’s Law ● Perception (your perceptual set set by schemas [concepts]) ● Attention: selective, cocktail party effect, inattentional vs. change blindness ● Monocular cues: interposition, relative height, motion, size ● Binocular cues: retinal disparity (diff bw two images) ● Visual pathway: cornea, pupil/iris, lens & accommodation, retina (transduction, rods vs. cones, bipolar, ganglion), optic nerve ● Trichromatic Theory RBG and Opponent-Process Theory ● Auditory pathway: pinna, auditory cannel, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, auditory nerve ● Sensorineural hearing loss vs. conduction hearing loss ● Place (high-pitched) vs. frequency (low-pitched) theories ● Chemical senses: gustation/taste (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami) and olfaction/smell ● Body senses: somatosensation (touch), pain (gate-control theory), vestibular (movement), kinesthesis, proprioception Unit 4 Learning Unit 5 Cognitive Psychology Unit 6 Developmental Psychology ● Classical Conditioning: neutral stimulus associated with natural response ● Pavlov (dog and bell), Watson (little Albert) ● UCR, USC, CR, CS ● Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination ● Operant Conditioning: response increased/decreased due to reinforcement or punishment ● B.F. Skinner and Skinner Box ● Positive & negative reinforcement and punishment ● Reinf. schedules: fixed, variable, interval, ratio ● Observational Learning: learning through observation and imitation of others ● Albert Bandura and modeling Bobo experiment) ● Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation ● Mirror neurons in the frontal lobe ● Prosocial vs. antisocial modeling ● Effortful (active) vs. automatic (unconscious) processing ● Deep (meaning) vs. shallow (surface) processing ● Encoding: first step in memory; visual, acoustic, semantic encoding; maintenance vs. elaborative rehearsal ● Storing: second step; sensory memory (iconic vs. echoic); short-term memory (chunking, mnemonics); long-term memory (explicit vs. implicit); hierarchies, schemas, prototypes ● Retrieving: third step; recall, recognition, relearning; serial-position effect, method of loci, priming, dependency ● Forgetting: Ebbinghaus curve, retroactive vs. proactive interference, retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia, repression ● Thinking: algorithm vs. heuristics, mental set, functional fixedness, intuition, insight, inductive vs. deductive reasoning, convergent vs. divergent thinking, diff types of bias, framing ● Intelligence: general intelligence (g), Thurstone’s 7, Gardner’s 8, Sternberg’s 3, Cattell’s 2 (fluid vs. crystallized), Flynn effect ● Good test must be standardized, reliable, & valid ● Language: syntax, grammar, lexicon, phonemes, morphemes ● Acquisition LAD, critical period, babbling stage, one-word stage, two-ord stage, broca’s vs. wernicke’s area ● Prenatal dev: zygote → embryo → fetus, teratogens & FAS ● Habituation, reflexes, neural networks, maturation ● Social dev: Harlow’s attachment theory with monkey experiment, Lorenz’s imprinting theory with a critical period, Ainsworth’s attachment styles (secure, insecure, anxious, avoidant), Baumrind’s parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive), Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Erikson’s 8 psychosocial stages ● Cognitive dev: ● Piaget’s 4 stages with assimilation, accommodation, and fine-tuning: sensorimotor (object permanence, stranger anxiety), preoperational (egocentrism), concrete operational (conservation), formal operational ● Vygotsky’s language acquisition theory, scaffolding, ZPD ● Moral dev: Kohlberg’s preconventional, conventional, postconventional morality vs. Gilligan ● Gender & Sexual Orientation: gender roles & identity ● Adulthood and aging: reaction time decreases, memory worsens, physiological impact