Download History and Evolution of Fuel Cells and Biomass Energy and more Study notes Political Science in PDF only on Docsity! 1 1902 – Flywheel Generators 1905 – Transmission Switches 2 1912 - Steam Turbine 1920 - Westinghouse Generator 5 1964 – World’s Fair, Fuel Cell & Gas Turbine Really! 1964 – World’s Fair, Fuel Cell & Gas Turbine Really! Not Kidding. 6 1964 – World’s Fair, Fuel Cell & Gas Turbine Really! Not Kidding. 7 History of Fuel Cell Technology • First attempts more than 150 yrs ago – William Robert Grove (1811 -1896) • Invented wet cell battery, 1838 “Grove Cell” – Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853 -1932) • Provided theoretical understanding of fuel cells electrodes, electrolyte, oxidizing and reducing agents, anions, and cations – Francis Thomas Bacon (1904 -1992) • World War II, developed FC for Royal Navy submarines » No relation to Kevin Bacon l tr , l tr l t , i i i r i t , i , ti 10 Evolution of Fuel Cell Technology • Alkali Fuel Cells – highly efficient, up to 70% – potable water is produced as by-product – must use pure hydrogen, to avoid CO ‘poisoning’ – requires large amount of platinum, expensive • Molten Carbonate • Phosphoric • PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) • Solid Oxide (SOFC) Evolution of Fuel Cell Technology • Alkali Fuel Cells • Molten Carbonate – able to use variety of fuels – not prone to CO ‘poisoning’ – can use nickel instead of platinum, cheaper – uses a liquid electrolyte, problematic – needs CO2 injections, to replenish Carbonate ions • Phosphoric • PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) • Solid Oxide (SOFC) 11 Evolution of Fuel Cell Technology • Alkali Fuel Cells • Molten Carbonate • Phosphoric – uses phosphoric acid as electrolyte, stable – all components must be resistant to acid corrosion – Less susceptible to CO2 ‘poisoning’ – efficiency approximately 40-50% • PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) • Solid Oxide (SOFC) Evolution of Fuel Cell Technology • Alkali Fuel Cells • Molten Carbonate • Phosphoric • PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) • Solid Oxide (SOFC) – Siemens – operates at high temperatures – hydrogen conversion not required – not affected by CO – efficiency approximately 60% 12 Evolution of Fuel Cell Technology • Alkali Fuel Cells • Molten Carbonate • Phosphoric • PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) - Ballard – small & light ** – able to operate at low temperatures – efficiency approximately 40-50% – hydrogen conversion required • http://www.ifc.com/fuelcell/how_fl.shtml • http://www.ballard.com/pem_animation.asp • Solid Oxide (SOFC) . . . 15 Fuel Cell Transportation: Fuel Cell Transpo: Daimler-Benz • NEBUS (New Electric BUS) – operating range up to 250 km – fuel cell consists of ten stacks of 25 kW each • NECAR 5 (New Electric CAR) – Top speed 90 mph * – Range 280 miles * * figures from NECAR 4, NECAR 5 info not avail 16 Fuel Cell Transpo: Nissan • Xterra-FCV – unchallenged in category – fleet testing began 2001 Fuel Cell Autos: Toyota • FCHV-5 – hydrogen extracted from sulfur-free gasoline – uses small battery for on-demand power (to minimize compressor noise) – top speed of 95 mph and a range of 155 miles 17 Fuel Cell Autos: Ford . • Ford Focus FCV – scheduled for market in 2004 – range of about 100 miles
