Foreign policy in the third world , Lecture notes of International Relations

Download Foreign policy in the third world and more Lecture notes International Relations in PDF only on Docsity! THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GOVT 3003 – FOREIGN POLICY IN THE THIRD WORLD TOPIC 1 Critical Theories of Development • What is development • Concepts and theories of development • Development strategies *Anna K Dickson ‘Development and International Relations’ in Development and International Relations, Polity Press Cambridge, 1997 C. Kay Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment, Routledge. London, 1989 Ronaldo Munck Critical Theories of Development Zed Books, London, 2002 2/70 + At the Caspian Sea University (Hazar Denizin Universitesi) repository - Dish Politika (Foreign Policy): https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B1_Z5ACd6MBPdDQ3Yl8yR1FncE0 (read sections that cover topics presented in this lecture): On Modernization, Marxism, Dependency Theory, WST: John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens, The Globalization of World Politics: an Introduction to International Relations, (4th edition 2008), pp. 142-149 Richard W. Mansbach and Kirsten L. Rafferty, Introduction to Global Politics (2008), pp. 577-583. Chris Brown, Understanding International Relations (3rd ed 2005), pp. 151-156. Paul D'Anieri, International Politics: Power and Purpose in Global Affairs, Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2nd edition, 5/70 Course Content Foreign Policy Theoretical Aspects: TOPIC 1 Critical Theories of Development TOPIC 2 What is Foreign Policy TOPIC 3 Perspectives of Foreign Policy How Foreign Policy Is Made TOPIC 4 Domestic and External Influences on Foreign Policy TOPIC 5 The Making and Implementation of Foreign Policy TOPIC 6 Ethical Foreign Policy How Foreign Policy Works TOPIC 7 United States Foreign Policy and the Third World TOPIC 8 Foreign Policy in the Third World: Case Studies How Foreign Policy Evolves TOPIC 9 Contemporary Foreign Policy Making in the Third World TOPIC 10 Security: Implications for Foreign Policy 6/70 The Third World = economically underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania Common characteristics: - poverty - high birthrates - economic dependence on the advanced countries. • French demographer Alfred Sauvy → "tiers monde“ (1952) (it is like the pre-1789 third estate=bourgeoisie; it is nothing and "wants to be something") • Third World = exploited • non-alignment = outside Western & Communist blocs 7/70 Please avoid the following statements taken from previous exam scripts. They are MISTAKEN: The term Third World comes from the French 'Tiers Monde' by way of Sauvy during the French Revolution of 1789. Alfred Sauvy, a french demographer first coined the term third world during french revolution, he used it to describe the third estate. The concept of "Third World" was first used in the French revolution and used to describe those countries that were not associated with the Cold War. 10/70 UNDERDEVELOPMENT = focus of UN discussion Definition: = a product of misuse of natural and human resources which will - forcibly deviate regions from economic expansion and - prevent social changes needed to join human groups in an integrated economical system. 11/70 Common traits: - distorted and highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and to provide markets for their finished goods - traditional, rural social structures - high population growth - widespread poverty - wide gaps between the have and the have-nots - high rates of illiteracy - disease - unstable governments 12/70 Development ‘Development does not entail an agreed upon meaning… it is defined in different ways depending on the time, space, context, professional and organizational interests of the one who does the business of defining.’ (HERATH, Demmika (2009) 'The Discourse of Development: Has it reached maturity', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 1449-1464). 15/70 productive resources, • elimination / reduction of o poverty, o inequalities, o unemployment → Definition of development: A process of economic, technological and social change by which human welfare is improved. Theories of Development: Enlightenment period (18th Century) → birth of the idea of "progress": application of reasoned and empirically-based knowledge → development. Development = linear and irreversible. 16/70 Eurocentrism (19th Century): developed European states could determine the process of development for less developed regions.
Classical economic realism (mercantilism): Economic development = a means of gaining national security, military power and economic self-sufficiency. Alexander Hamilton and Friederich List posited industry and trade protectionism over agriculture.
Classical liberalism: Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776) - open market free from mercantile restrictions will produce growth. David Ricardo - Theory of Comparative Advantage - free 17/70 trade and technological innovation bolster growth.
More recent economic theories (e.g. Porter's Theory of Competitive Advantage, Schumpter's Innovative Model). The Third World is explicitly concerned only by Modernization and structural theories: Modernization endogenous Marxism endogenous/exogenous Dependency (neomarxist) exogenous Structural Imperialism (neomarxist) exogenous World System (neomarxist) exogenous endogenous = generated from within the system exogenous = coming from outside the system 20/70 Proponents of modernization: Walt W. Rostow (1960) The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto 5 stages: 1. Traditional society 2. Preconditions for take off 3. Take off = industrial revolution 4. Drive toward maturity 5. Age of high mass consumption A.F.K.* Organski (1965) Stages of Political Development 1. Primitive national unification 2. Industrialization 3. National Welfare 4. Abundance * Abramo Fimo Kenneth Walt Whitman Rostow (1916-2003) Rastow's Model - the Stages of Economic Development http://www. bized.co.uk/virtual/ide/copper/theory/th9.him In 1960, the American Economic Historian, WW Rostow suggested that countries passed through five stages of economic development, Stage 5 High Mass Consumption consumer oriented, durable goods flourish, service sector becomes dominant Stage 4 Drive to Maturity diversification, innovation, less reliance on imports, investment Stage 3 Take Off Industrialisation, growing investment, regional growth, political change Stage 2 Transitional Stage specialization, surpluses, infrastructure Stage | Traditional Society subsistence, barter, agriculture According to Rostow development requires substantial investment in capital. For the economies of LDCs to grow the right conditions for such investment would have to be created. If aid Is given or foreign direct investment occurs at stage 3 the economy needs to have reached stage 2. lf the stage 2 has been reached then injections of investment may lead to rapid growth, (for more, see https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ipe/rostow.htm) 21/70 22/70 The transformation FROM Features of underdeveloped states:
The low division of labour
Illiteracy
Traditional agrarian structure,
The traditional attitude of the population
The lack of communication
Lack of infrastructure
High populations
Unstable governments
Undemocratic governments TO Imitation - Worthy features of developed states:
An extensive division of labour
High literacy rates
Urbanization
High productivity
Specialization
Self-sustaining econ. growth
Well-functioning and active state apparatus
Democratic form of governm.
Equality before the law 25/70 - a radical restructuring of the economic system ↓ end the uneven distribution of wealth and power Divided into two major camps: 1. Marxism 2. Dependency, Structural Imperialism and World System theory MARXISM best known strand of structuralist thought origin: Karl Marx 26/70 27/70 te eg 31/70 Some errors here... S3ESStea@ NUE Bee NU a 35/70 Marxism: economic order = determines political and social relationships essence of politics: - distribution of wealth ↓ - struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat (class struggle) V. I. Lenin (1916) Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism Goal: to explain why imperialism occurs Relevant for the Third World: - capitalist bourgeois leaders duped their proletariat into supporting the exploitation of other proletariat peoples through imperialism 36/70 - class struggle also included an international class struggle between bourgeois and proletariat countries and peoples THE MARXIST PERSPECTIVE: • capitalism = the most dynamic mode of production in world history • main sources of economic growth = valorization and accumulation: to achieve a profit → capitalists exploit labour → pay the workers less than the equivalent of the value of what they produce (valorization) ↓ workers, not the capitalists, generate value ↓ 37/70 this value is accumulated by the capitalist → survive in competition with others (accumulation) Capital growth = accumulation of surplus generated by the workers (capital concentration) + merging with other companies (capital centralization) Marx (inspired by classical political economists) = emphasis on production After Marx = neoclassical political economists = emphasis on exchange The Marxist base-superstructure model: col Base ae eee Te eas are totes tome ea tines eee Pe eecieagraany Means of production €9 relations oF production Superstructure Political system, legal system, culture, ete. 40/70  SUPERSTRUCTURE maintains ond legiimates. the bose 41/70 42/70 driving forces behind societal changes = social classes acting within structural limits imposed by: - forces of production - prevailing production relations History = a class struggle between - those who own the means of production - those who sell their labour in order to purchase the goods they require There is – exploitation of the proletariat by elites + – international collaboration between elites to keep Third World peoples in a perpetual state of underdevelopment 45/70 dominant = advanced industrial nations in the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) dependent = states of Latin America, Asia and Africa which - have low per capita GNPs - rely heavily on the export of a single commodity 46/70 Prebisch's explanation: poor countries export primary commodities to rich countries ↓ rich countries manufacture products out of those commodities ↓ manufactured products are sold back to poor countries ↓ declining terms of trade = terms of trade, between primary products and manufactured goods, deteriorate in time ↓ Latin America remained less developed underdevelopment = due to the dependent position of the Third World to the world economy = due to exploitation by the North 47/70 more integration into the world economy = more underdevelopment Modernization theory is wrong: • Underdevelopment ≠ result of backwardness or traditionalism of developing countries = results from development in other parts of the world • Northern countries developed at a time when there was no other advanced country exploiting them ↓ underdeveloped countries cannot parallel them 50/70 Dependency compared to the Marxist theory of imperialism: • common main assumption: economic and political power = heavily concentrated and centralized in the industrialized countries ↓ no distinction between economic and political power (governments ↔ multinational corporations) • Not all dependency theorists = Marxist dependency ≠ Marxist theory of imperialism (Lenin, Rosa Luxemburg) 51/70 Dependency Theory Marxist theory of imperialism underdevelopment dominant state expansion explains consequences of imperialism reasons why imperialism occurs imperialism = part of the process by which the world is transformed = a process which accelerates the communist revolution 52/70 Structural Imperialism Johan Galtung - A Structural Theory of Imperialism (1971) "Structural violence" Imperialism = a structural relation of political, economic, military, cultural and communication domination Centre and periphery - between nations - inside nations Johan Galtung (b. 1930) 55/70 Imperialism = a dominance relation between nations. economy: relationship motivated by the need for expanding markets via imperialistic means. 5 types of imperialism: Economic - development and modernization models of centre = must be imitated by periphery - primary goods vs. manufactured goods. Political democracy and liberalism Military only the centre has - the appropriate industrial capacity 56/70 - a social structure compatible with a modern army Communication non-transfer of technologies Cultural acculturation 57/70 WORLD SYSTEM THEORY Immanuel Wallerstein - The Modern World System (1974) Draws heavily from: • Dependency Theory • Galtung's Structural Imperialism • Fernand Braudel ("Longue durée", long term view) World System Theory = a macro-sociological perspective that explains the "capitalist world economy" as a "total social system" the logic of the international system → at a level superior to that of the state 60/70 Core • benefit the most from the capitalist world economy • control world trade and monopolise manufactured goods Semi- periphery • core regions in decline or rising peripheries • buffers between core and peripheries • exploited by the core and exploiters of peripheries e.g. Portugal, South Korea Periphery provide primary products for both semi-periphery and core Wallerstein's World System Theory Model 61/70 62/70 65/70 Dependency and World-System Theory Strengths • Offers a developing perspective of the world. • Captures the reality of uneven world development. • Takes a global (systemic) viewpoint, rooted in history. • Explains inequality and exploitation of the Third World. Weaknesses • Overemphasis on economic relations. Politico-strategic actors are not addressed. • State is autonomous and not a passive agent of the capitalist class. It can increase its power by maintaining mass popularity. • Too much focus on external factors. Ignores internal factors. 66/70 The Economic Liberal Explanation of Underdevelopment Proponents of economic liberalism disagree with the neo- Marxist perspective. They argue that the international economic structure, if based on economic liberal ideas, will benefit all, both rich and poor. International trade based on the principle of comparative advantage and investment by multinational corporations is the key to all economic growth. Economic interdependence is good for the South: it allows these countries to acquire markets, capital, and technology for development. The fundamental source of disagreement between economic liberals, on the one hand, and neo-Marxists, on the other hand, is the starkly different estimates of the relative impact of external and internal factors on the process of development. Economic liberals believe that the changes necessary to bring economic progress to LDCs are largely internal to those countries. In short, internal 67/70 domestic political and economic changes that involve liberalizing the country to remove political and social obstacles to the function of the free market are the key to economic progress. Neo-Marxists do not deny that internal changes are necessary (indeed they see the elites within poor countries as a critical problem), but from their point of view, economic liberals seriously underestimate the extent to which the problems of LDCs are caused by factors external to those countries, such as the structure of the international economic and political environment. Some neo- Marxists also point out the historical structure of the relationship between imperial powers and the colonized areas as the primary cause for the North-South gap. For these reasons, some neo- Marxists theories are structural, whereas economic liberalism is not.