Formula sheet for chemistry, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

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Assessment Authority 1 of 15 Formulas Processing of data Chemical reactions — reactants, products and energy change Aqueous solutions and acidity Chemical equilibrium systems 4 of 15 Pe ri od ic ta bl e of th e el em en ts 1 2 H 1. 01 H 1. 01 H e 4. 00 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li 6. 94 Be 9.0 1 B 10 .8 1 C 12 .0 1 N 14 .0 1 O 16 .0 0 F 19 .0 0 Ne 20 .18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na 22 .9 9 M g 24 .3 1 A l 26 .9 8 Si 28 .0 9 P 30 .9 7 S 32 .0 6 C l 35 .4 5 A r 39 .9 5 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K 39 .10 Ca 40 .0 8 Sc 44 .9 6 Ti 47 .8 7 V 50 .9 4 C r 52 .0 0 M n 54 .9 4 Fe 55 .8 5 Co 58 .9 3 Ni 58 .6 9 C u 63 .5 5 Zn 65 .3 8 G a 69 .72 G e 72 .6 3 A s 74 .9 2 Se 78 .9 7 Br 79 .9 0 K r 83 .8 0 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 R b 85 .4 7 Sr 87 .6 2 Y 88 .91 Zr 91 .2 2 N b 92 .91 M o 95 .9 5 Tc (9 8. 91 ) Ru 10 1. 07 R h 10 2. 91 Pd 10 6. 42 A g 10 7.8 7 Cd 11 2. 41 In 11 4. 82 Sn 11 8. 71 Sb 12 1.7 6 Te 12 7.6 0 I 12 6. 90 Xe 13 1. 29 55 56 57 –7 1 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs 13 2. 91 Ba 13 7. 33 La nt ha - no id s H f 17 8. 49 Ta 18 0. 95 W 18 3. 84 Re 18 6. 21 O s 19 0. 23 Ir 19 2. 22 Pt 19 5. 08 Au 19 6. 97 H g 20 0. 59 Tl 20 4. 38 Pb 20 7. 2 Bi 20 8. 98 Po (2 10 .0 ) At (2 10 .0 ) R n (2 22 .0 ) 87 88 89 –1 03 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 10 9 11 0 11 1 11 2 11 3 11 4 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 8 Fr (2 23 .0 ) R a (2 26 .1) Ac ti- no id s R f (2 61 .1) D b (2 62 .1) Sg (2 63 .1) Bh (2 64 .1) H s (2 65 .1) M t (2 68 ) D s (2 81 ) R g (2 72 ) C n (2 85 ) N h (2 84 ) Fl (2 89 ) M c (2 88 ) Lv (2 93 ) Ts (2 94 ) O g (2 94 ) 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 La 13 8. 91 Ce 14 0. 12 Pr 14 0. 91 Nd 14 4. 24 Pm (1 46 .9 ) Sm 15 0. 36 Eu 15 1. 96 G d 15 7. 25 Tb 15 8. 93 D y 16 2. 50 H o 16 4. 93 Er 16 7. 26 Tm 16 8. 93 Y b 17 3. 05 Lu 17 4. 97 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 Ac (2 27 .0 ) Th 23 2. 0 Pa 23 1. 0 U 23 8. 0 Np (2 37 .0 ) Pu (2 39 .1) A m (2 41 .1) C m (2 44 .1) Bk (2 49 .1) C f (2 52 .1) Es (2 52 .1) Fm (2 52 .1) M d (2 58 .1) No (2 59 .1) Lr (2 62 .1) 1 A to m ic n um be r Sy m bo l Re la tiv e at om ic m as s* G ro up s a re n um be re d ac co rd in g to IU PA C c on ve nt io n 1– 18 . *V al ue s i n br ac ke ts a re fo r t he is ot op e w ith th e lo ng es t h al f-l ife . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 5 of 15 A to m ic a nd io ni c ra di i o f s el ec te d el em en ts 1 2 H 32 20 8 (1 –) Li 13 0 76 (1 +) H e 37 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li 13 0 76 (1 +) Be 99 45 (2 +) B 84 27 (3 +) C 75 16 (4 +) N 71 14 6 (3 –) O 64 14 0 (2 –) F 60 13 3 (1 –) Ne 62 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na 16 0 10 2 (1 +) M g 14 0 72 (2 +) A l 12 4 53 (3 +) Si 11 4 40 (4 +) P 10 9 38 (5 +) S 10 4 18 4 (2 –) C l 10 0 18 1 (1 –) A r 10 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K 20 0 13 8 (1 +) Ca 17 4 10 0 (2 +) Sc 15 9 75 (3 +) Ti 14 8 86 (2 +) 61 (4 +) V 14 4 79 (2 +) 54 (5 +) C r 13 0 62 (3 +) 44 (6 +) M n 12 9 83 (2 +) 64 (3 +) Fe 12 4 78 (2 +) 64 (3 +) Co 11 8 74 (2 +) 61 (3 +) Ni 11 7 69 (2 +) 60 (3 +) C u 12 2 77 (1 +) 73 (2 +) Zn 12 0 74 (2 +) G a 12 3 62 (3 +) G e 12 0 53 (4 +) 27 2 (4 –) A s 12 0 58 (3 +) 46 (5 +) Se 11 8 19 8 (2 –) Br 11 7 19 6 (1 –) K r 11 6 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 R b 21 5 15 2 (1 +) Sr 19 0 11 8 (2 +) Y 17 6 90 (3 +) Zr 16 4 72 (4 +) N b 15 6 64 (5 +) M o 14 8 65 (4 +) Tc 13 8 65 (4 +) Ru 13 6 62 (4 +) R h 13 4 67 (3 +) Pd 13 0 86 (2 +) A g 13 6 11 5 (1 +) Cd 14 0 95 (2 +) In 14 2 80 (3 +) Sn 14 0 69 (4 +) Sb 14 0 76 (3 +) Te 13 7 22 1 (2 –) I 13 6 22 0 (1 –) Xe 13 6 55 56 Cs 23 8 16 7 (1 +) Ba 20 6 13 5 (2 +) 3 A to m ic n um be r Sy m bo l A to m ic ra di us (1 0–1 2 m ) C ha rg e of io n Io ni c ra di us (1 0–1 2 m ) G ro up s a re n um be re d ac co rd in g to IU PA C c on ve nt io n 1– 18 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 6 of 15 El ec tr on eg at iv iti es a nd fi rs t i on is at io n en er gi es o f s el ec te d el em en ts 1 2 H 2. 2 13 18 H 2. 2 13 18 H e 23 79 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li 1. 0 52 6 Be 1. 6 90 6 B 2. 0 80 7 C 2. 6 10 93 N 3. 0 14 07 O 3. 4 13 20 F 4. 0 16 87 Ne 20 87 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na 0. 9 50 2 M g 1. 3 74 4 A l 1. 6 58 4 Si 1. 9 79 3 P 2. 2 10 18 S 2. 6 10 06 C l 3. 2 12 57 A r 15 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K 0. 8 42 5 Ca 1. 0 59 6 Sc 1. 4 63 7 Ti 1. 5 66 4 V 1. 6 65 6 C r 1.7 65 9 M n 1. 6 72 4 Fe 1. 8 76 6 Co 1. 9 76 5 Ni 1. 9 74 3 C u 1. 9 75 2 Zn 1.7 91 3 G a 1. 8 58 5 G e 2. 0 76 8 A s 2. 2 95 3 Se 2. 6 94 7 Br 3. 0 11 46 K r 2. 9 13 57 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 R b 0. 8 40 9 Sr 1. 0 55 6 Y 1. 2 60 6 Zr 1. 3 66 6 N b 1. 6 67 0 M o 2. 2 69 1 Tc 1. 9 70 8 Ru 2. 2 71 7 R h 2. 3 72 6 Pd 2. 2 81 1 A g 1. 9 73 7 Cd 1.7 87 4 In 1. 8 56 5 Sn 2. 0 71 5 Sb 2. 1 84 0 Te 2. 1 87 6 I 2. 7 10 15 Xe 2. 6 11 77 55 56 Cs 0. 8 38 2 Ba 0. 9 50 9 1 A to m ic n um be r Sy m bo l El ec tro ne ga tiv ity Fi rs t i on is at io n en th al pi es (k J m ol –1 ) G ro up s a re n um be re d ac co rd in g to IU PA C c on ve nt io n 1– 18 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 of 15 Reactivity series of metals Element Reactivity K most reactive Na Li Ba Sr Ca Mg Al C* Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H2* Sb Bi Cu Hg Ag Au Pt least reactive *Carbon (C) and hydrogen gas (H2) added for comparison. 10 of 15 Standard electrode potentials at 298 K Oxidised species Reduced species E° (V) –3.04 –2.94 –2.91 –2.87 –2.71 –2.36 –1.68 –1.18 –0.83 –0.76 –0.44 –0.24 –0.14 –0.13 0.00 +0.16 +0.16 +0.34 +0.40 +0.52 +0.54 +0.77 +0.80 +1.08 +1.23 +1.36 +1.36 +1.51 +2.89 11 of 15 Glucose and fructose: straight chain and α-ring forms CH2OH OH OH OH OH H H O H H H CH2OH O OH OH OH H H H H OH H CHO CH2OH C C C C H HO H H OH H OH OH Straight chain D-glucose α-D-glucose OH H H H OH CH2OH O HOH2C OH O H H H HO HOH2C OH OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH C C C C HO H H O H OH OH Straight chain D-fructose α-D-fructose 14 of 15 Acid-base indicators Name pKa pH range of colour change Colour change (acidic to basic) Methyl orange 3.7 3.1–4.4 red to yellow Bromophenol blue 4.2 3.0–4.6 yellow to blue Bromocresol green 4.7 3.8–5.4 yellow to blue Methyl red 5.1 4.4–6.2 pink to yellow Bromothymol blue 7.0 6.0–7.6 yellow to blue Phenol red 7.9 6.8–8.4 yellow to red Phenolphthalein 9.6 8.3–10.0 colourless to pink Infrared data Characteristic range of infrared absorption due to stretching in organic molecules. Bond Organic molecules Wavenumber (cm–1) C – I iodoalkanes 490–620 C – Br bromoalkanes 500–600 C – Cl chloroalkanes 600–800 C – F fluoroalkanes 1000–1400 C – O alcohol, ester 1050–1410 C C alkenes 1620–1680 C O aldehydes, carboxylic acid, ester, ketones 1700–1750 C C alkynes 2100–2260 O – H carboxylic acids (hydrogen-bonded) 2500–3000 C – H alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, amides 2720–3100 O – H alcohol (hydrogen-bonded) 3200–3600 N – H amines 3300–3500 15 of 15 Formulas and charges for common polyatomic ions Anions Cations acetate (ethanoate) ammonium carbonate hydronium chlorate chlorite chromate citrate cyanide dichromate dihydrogen phosphate hypochlorite hydrogen carbonate hydrogen sulfate hydrogen phosphate hydroxide nitrate nitrite perchlorate permanganate peroxide phosphate sulfate sulfite thiosulfate THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY BLANK