Freedom of expression, Summaries of Psychology

Download Freedom of expression and more Summaries Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! lOMoARcPSD|39820385 F. Sarandon, Freedom of expression • Schenckv.US(1919)-INCITMENT o WhowasSchenck–WhowastheDefendant?HeandElizabethBaerwere membersoftheExecutiveCommite oftheSocialistParty(Philadelphia). Schenckwastheparty’sGeneralSecretary.Theparty’sexecutivecommite and Schenckaprovedandmailed15,00flierstomencaledforthedraftinWWI. Thefliersurgedmennotosubmitothedraft:"Donotsubmitointimidation… Asertyourights… Ifyoudonotasertandsuportyourights,youarehelping todenyordisparagerightswhichitisthesolemndutyofalcitizensandresidents oftheUnitedStatestoretain."Theyencouragementonotcomplywiththedraft becauseitamountedtoinvoluntaryservitudeandviolatedthe13thAmendment. o Thecontext:WWI,anunpopulardraftandlaborunrestamidstheriseof radicalism… o Whatlawdidthedefendant(s)alegedlyviolate–withwhatcrimewerethey charged?Section3ofthethenEspionageActof1917,asamended: ▪ “aconspiracytoviolatetheEspionageActofJune15,1917…bycausing andatemptingtocauseinsubordination,&c.,inthemilitaryandnaval forcesoftheUnitedStates,andtoobstructherecruitingandenlistment serviceoftheUnitedStates,whentheUnitedStateswasatwarwiththe GermanEmpire,to-wit,thathedefendantswilfulyconspiredtohave printedandcirculatedtomenwhohadbencaledandaceptedfor militaryservice…”andotherelatedcrimes. o Clear&PresentDangerTest-Holmes • Frohwerkv.US(1919) o 12articlesinGermanLang.paperinMisouri o USparticipationinWWIwaswrong,warfoughtoprotectinvestmentsofwealthy o “Who…wilpronounceaverdictofguilty[onanydrafte]ifhe…folowsthefirst impulseofnature–self-preservation? o Debs.V.US(1919):SpechinCanton,Ohio,in1918 o “…theworkingclas,whofurnishthecorpses,haveneverhadavoiceindeclaring war….younedtoknowthatyouarefitforsomethingbeterthanslaveryand canonfoder….” o Holmes&Brandeisdebatetheisue…asdoothers. • Brandenburgv.Ohio(1969)–CLEARANDPRESENTDANGER2.0 o BasicFactsorContext:Whyimportant? o Thre-partTest o TheFirstAmendmentdoesnotnotpermitaState“toforbidorproscribeadvocacy oftheuseoforceoroflawviolationexceptwheresuchadvocacyisdirectedto incitingorproducingimminentlawlesactionandislikelytoinciteorproduce suchaction.” o Douglas/BlackConcurences • RWANDA o HutuAngerand1959riotsoveropresionbyTutsiminority…samelanguage, traditions,etc.,butslightlydiferentapearances? o SupremeCourtunanimouslyupholdsChaplinsky’sconvictionunderNew Hampshirelawbaning“ofensive,derisive,oranoying”wordsinapublicplace. • WhydidChaplinskylose? o TheCourtdecided: ▪ Hispechhadnovalueintermsofideasorthediscovery&spreadof truth ▪ Hispechthreatened“thepeace”ofthecommunityandwouldprovoke theaveragepersontoretaliate ▪ Wordscan“inflictinjury” • Feinerv.NY(1951) o IrvingFeiner:arestedunder§72 oftheNYPenalCode,“incitingabreachof thepeace,"asheadresedacrowdonastret. o MadederogatoryremarksaboutPresidentTruman,theAmericanLegion,the MayorofSyracuse,andotherlocalofficials.ChiefJusticeVinsonsaidthatFeiner "gavetheimpresionthathewasendeavoringtoarousetheNegropeopleagainst thewhites,urgingthatheyriseupinarmsandfightforequalrights.” o Feinerclaimedthathisconvictionviolatedhisrightofre spechunderthe1st& 14thAmendmentstotheU.S.Constitution. o Majority:Feiner’smesagehadcreateda“clearandpresentdanger”andthat underthecircumstances,heshouldhaveobeyedtheinstructionsofpolicetostop whilethingswerestilpeaceful. o Disentersarguethepoliceshouldhaveprotectedthespeaker,notaresthim, whenlistenersareprovoked • Godingv.Wilson(1972) o JohnyWilsonandotheranti-VietnamWarprotestorsblockentrancetomilitary recruitprocesingstation. o Whenpolicearivetoclearthedor,Wilsonmakesthefolowingstatementsto officers: ▪ ToOfficer#1:“Whitesonofabitch,I’lkilyou.” ▪ ToOfficer#2:“Yousonofabitch,ifyoueverputyourhandsonmeagain, I’lcutyoualtopieces.” o ConvictedunderGeorgialawprohibitingpersonsfromusing“oprobriouswords orabusivelanguage”withoutprovocation. o U.S.federaldistrictcourtsetsasideWilsonconviction o Federalapealscourtagreswithdistrictcourt o SupremeCourtaffirmslowercourtsbya5–2decision! • THEMFCASES o UseofContextualAproachbySCT o CommonFacts:Useof“Motherfucker”trigersFW doctrine o AdrestoScholBoardMetingwith150mixedaudience–describing teachers,board,thetown&country o AdrestolargegroupatUniv.Chapelrecops&oneinparticular o Inmidstofarestofdefendant’son,sheshouted“godamnedmotherfucking police” o Convictedundervarioustatelawsrebreachingpeace/disorderlyconduct o AlconvictionsvacatedbySCTandremanded o Contextualanalysisimpliedbyresults;statedinPowelConcurence •