Full Custom VLSI Design - CMOS Design Methodologies - Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Science

Download Full Custom VLSI Design - CMOS Design Methodologies - Lecture Slides and more Slides Computer Science in PDF only on Docsity! ECE 261: Full Custom VLSI Design Docsity.com Course Objectives • Introduction to CMOS VLSI design methodologies – Emphasis on full-custom design – Circuit and system levels • Extensive use of Mentor Graphics CAD tools for IC design, simulation, and layout verification • Specific techniques for designing high-speed, low-power, and easily-testable circuits Docsity.com VLSI: Enabling Technology • Automotive electronic systems – A typical Chevrolet has 80 ICs (stereo systems, display panels, fuel injection systems, smart suspensions, antilock brakes, airbags) • Signal Processing (DSP chips, data acquisition systems) • Transaction processing (bank ATMs) • PCs, workstations • Medical electronics (artificial eye, implants) • Multimedia Docsity.com Design Complexity • Transistor counts and IC densities continue to grow! – Moore’s Law-The number of transistors on an IC doubles every 1.5 years – Intel x486: 1 million transistors (1989), PowerPC: 2-3 million transistors (1994), Pentium: 3.1 million transistors (1994), DEC Alpha: 10 million transistors (1995)-9 million in SRAM, Pentium IV (2001): 42 million transistors • Memory (DRAM) is the “technology driver” – 256 Mbits DRAM now commercially available Docsity.com A Brief History • 1958: First integrated circuit – Flip-flop using two transistors – Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments • 2003 – Intel Pentium 4 µprocessor (55 million transistors) – 512 Mbit DRAM (> 0.5 billion transistors) • 53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years – No other technology has grown so fast so long • Driven by miniaturization of transistors – Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power! – Revolutionary effects on society Docsity.com Transistor Types • Bipolar transistors – npn or pnp silicon structure – Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector – Base currents limit integration density • Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors – nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS – Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current between source and drain – Low power allows very high integration Docsity.com IC Manufacturing • Some manufacturing processes are tightly coupled to the product, e.g. Buick/Chevy assembly line • IC manufacturing technology is more versatile • CMOS manufacturing line can make circuits of any type by changing some basic tools called masks – The same plant can manufacture both microprocessors and microwave controllers by simply changing masks • Silicon wafers: raw materials of IC manufacturing Test structure Wafer IC Docsity.com The First Computer The Babbage Difference Engine (1832) 25,000 parts cost: £17,470 Docsity.com MOS Integrated Circuits Intel 1101 256-bit SRAM Intel 4004 4-bit µProc Docsity.com Moore’s Law • 1965: Gordon Moore plotted transistor on each chip – Fit straight line on semilog scale – Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months Year Transistors 4004 8008 8080 8086 80286 Intel386 Intel486 Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Pentium III Pentium 4 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Integration Levels SSI: 10 gates MSI: 1000 gates LSI: 10,000 gates VLSI: > 10k gates Docsity.com Corollaries • Many other factors grow exponentially – Ex: clock frequency, processor performance Year 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 4004 8008 8080 8086 80286 Intel386 Intel486 Pentium Pentium Pro/II/III Pentium 4 C lock S peed (M H z) Docsity.com Evolution in Speed/Performance MHz 100 € i860 32532 Clipper 7 7 88030 68020-@ V70 180386 68000 ©8010 e 18086 10 180286 180186 Docsity.com Intel 4004 Micro-Processor Docsity.com Intel Pentium (II) microprocessor Docsity.com