Functional View and History of Computer Architecture - Prof. David L. Tarnoff, Study notes of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Tarnoff and more Study notes Computer Architecture and Organization in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Functional View & History – Page 1 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture CSCI 4717/5717 Computer Architecture Topic: Functional View & History Reading: Sections 1.2, 2.1, & 2.3 Functional View & History – Page 2 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Function All computer functions are comprised of four basic operations: – Data processing – Data storage – Data movement – Control Functional View & History – Page 3 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Data Processing – The basic function of any computer is to process data – Describes arithmetic and logical operations performed on data – Although end result may be complex, there are few distinct types of data processing Functional View & History – Page 4 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Data Storage • Long term – Logging – Data records • Short term – temp variables – e.g., buffer containing the last key pressed – program control data – e.g., loop variables Functional View & History – Page 5 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Data Movement • Computer must be able to communicate with outside world • Data must be “accessible” to devices outside computer • Two types: – Peripheral – Data communications Functional View & History – Page 6 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Data movement to a peripheral • Data must be passed between computer and I/O devices connected to computer • Typically to simple devices • Examples – monitors and keyboards – data acquisition – peripheral control 2 Functional View & History – Page 7 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Data Movement to remote devices (data communications) • Data communications is data movement over a longer range • Typically to smart devices or other computers Functional View & History – Page 8 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Control • Something needs to monitor operation and maintain control of data processing, data storage, and data movement. • Automated control of computer’s resources Functional View & History – Page 9 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Functional view Figure 1.1, p. 9 Functional View & History – Page 10 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Operations: Data movement Figure 1.2a, p. 11 Functional View & History – Page 11 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Operations: Storage Figure 1.2b, p. 11 Functional View & History – Page 12 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Operations: Processing from/to storage Figure 1.2c, p. 11 5 Functional View & History – Page 25 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture von Neumann/Turing Stored Program Computer • ALU operates on binary data • Main memory stores both instructions and data – must be considerable in order to carry out long, complicated sequences of operations • Control unit interprets instructions from memory and causes them to be executed • Input and output equipment operated by control unit Functional View & History – Page 26 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) • First implementation of von Neumann stored program computer • Completed 1952 Functional View & History – Page 27 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Structure of IAS machine Functional View & History – Page 28 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture IAS Memory 1000 x 40 bit words of either number or instruction • Signed magnitude binary number – 1 sign bit – 39 bits for magnitude • 2 x 20 bit instructions – Left and right instructions (left executed first) – 8-bit opcode – 12 bit address Functional View & History – Page 29 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture IAS Registers • Set of registers (storage in CPU) – Memory Buffer Register (MBR) – Memory Address Register (MAR) – Instruction Register (IR) – Instruction Buffer Register (IBR) – Program Counter (PC) – Accumulator (AC) – Multiplier Quotient (MQ) Functional View & History – Page 30 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Structure of IAS Figure 2.3, p. 22 6 Functional View & History – Page 31 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture IAS execution of instruction Figure 2.4, p. 23 Functional View & History – Page 32 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Transistors • Replaced vacuum tubes • Smaller • Cheaper • Less heat dissipation • Solid State device • Made from Silicon (Sand) • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs by William Shockley et al. Functional View & History – Page 33 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Moore’s Law • Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel • He observed (based on experience) that number of transistors on a chip doubled every year • Since 1970’s growth has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months • Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged • Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance • Smaller size gives increased flexibility/portability • Reduced power and cooling requirements • Fewer system interconnections increases reliability Functional View & History – Page 34 of 34CSCI 4717 – Computer Architecture Growth in CPU Transistor Count