Fundamentals of critical thinking, Summaries of Creative Thinking

Download Fundamentals of critical thinking and more Summaries Creative Thinking in PDF only on Docsity! lOMoARcPSD|26858109 J. Haber, Fundamentals of critical thinking NR: 224: FUNDAMENTALS: SKILLS EXAM 1 The five component of critical thinking Specific knowledge base- this increase our critical knowledge Experiences- pervious patient care experience Competencies- applying the nursing process in practice Attitude for critical thinking- confident and fairness, creativity, integrity PROFESSIONAL standards – ana scope and standards of nursing practice specially standard of practice. Example, the collaboration aspect and it interprofessional teams. HIPAA: • COULD BE VERBAL, ELECTRONIC, OR WRITTEN FORM ALL PIA • FEDERAL LAW - NOT A STATE LAW Important to know: NUMBER 1 WAY TO PREVENT SPREAD OF INFECTION → HANDWASHING- is the most effective way to break the chain of infection. Infectious process • Incubation period- the appears of the first symptoms( incubation period • Prodromal stage – onset of nonspecific symptoms( fever, fatigue • Illness stage- sign of the disease manifest • Convalescent – recovery stage 7 days to months all acute signs disappears. It can be different for each disease processes. What is expected in these? Localize infection- pain, pus, tenderness, warmth and redness at a wound site. Systemic infection – is when it affects the either body if left Untreated can be fatal PERISTALSIS: • SLOWS DURING PROLONGED PERIODS OF INACTIVITY SUCH AS BED REST PREVENTION OF PNEUMONIA AND PREVENTION OF ATELECTASIS: MOBITY POSTURE AND BODY ALIGNMENT MAY BE USED INTERCHANGEABLE TO DENOTE POSITION OF BODY • BODY BALANCE- ACHIEVEED BY LOW CENTRE OF GRAVIT, ENHANCED BY POSTURE. • FRICTION – OCCURE WHEN MOVING THE PATIENT IN BED, NEED TWO PERSONS TO DO, CAUSES BREAKDOWN OF THE SKIN. PROPER BODY ALIGNMENTS – OCCURS WHEN A PERSON IS PROEPRLY ALIGNED WITH RELATIVELY LOW CENTRE OF GAVITY BALANCED OVER WIDE STABLE BASE SUPPORT. STEP TO ACHIEVED BALANCED AND ALIGNMENT. • WIDEN YOUR BASE OF SUPPORT BY SEPARATING THE FEET TO A COMFORTABLE DISTANCE. • BRING THE CENTRED OF GAVITY CLOSER TO YOUR BASE OF SUPPORT TO INCREASE BALANCE • BEND YOUR KNEES AND FLEX THE HIPS UNTIL SQUATTING AND MAINTAINING PROPER BACK ALIGNEMENT TO KEEP TRUNK ERECT. PRINCIPLE OF SAFE PATIENT TRANSFER AND POSITIONING • USE MECHANICAL LIFTS AND LIFT TEAMS WHEN PATIENT ARE UNABLE TO ASSIST • THE WIDER THE BASE OF SUPPORT, THE GREATER THE STABILITY OF THE NURSE • THE LOWER THE CENTRE OF GAVITY, THE GREATER THE STABILITY OF THE NURSE • THE EQULIBRIUM OF AN OBJECT IS MAINTAINED AS LONG AS THE LINE OF GAVITY PASSES THROUGH ITS BAS OF SUPPORT • FACING THE DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT PREVENTS ABNORMAL TWISTING OF THE SPINE. • DIVIDING BALANCED ACTIVITY BETWEEN ARMS AND LEGS REDUCES THE RISK OF BACK INJURY • LEVERAGE, ROLLING TURNING OR PIVOTING REQUIRES LESS WORK THAN LIFTING • WHEN FRICTION IS REDUCED BETWEEN THE OBJECT TO BE MOVED AND THE SURFACE ON WHICH IT IS MOVED, LESS FORCEMIS REQUIRED TO MOVED. SAFETY IS A BIG PRIPORIT. GAIT IS A TERM WHICH DESCRIBES MANNER OF WALKING - EXAMPLE: STEADY/UNSTEADY GAIT IMPORTANT TO KNOW ASSISTING A PATINET TO SITTING POSITION- DANGLING REFERS TO SITTING ON THE SIDE OF THE BED WITH THE FEET HANGING DOWN- THIS PREVENT ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION FOR THE PATIENT. TO PREVENT DIZZINESS IF PATIENT HAS BEEN ON BEDREST FOR SEVERAL DAYS OR POST OP: • PATIENT CAN DEVELOP ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION • FLUID SHIFT IN BODY → BLOOD PRESSURE DROPS • TO PREVENT THIS: HAVE PATIENT RISE SLOWLY AND DANGLE OVER SIDE OF THE BED • FLUIDS CAN STABILIZE AND CAN PREVENT ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION IMMOBILITY – INCAPABLE OF MOVEMENT • MAY INVOLVE A SPECIFIC PART OF THE BODY DUE TO INJURY • PARAPLEGIA- MAY INVOLVE LOWER PART OF THE BODY • HEMIPLEGIA- MAY INVOLVE ONE SIDE OF BODY • QUADRIPLEGIA- MAY INVOLE ENITRE BODY FROM THE NECK DOWN HEMIPLEGIA RELATED TO STROKE: • PARALYSIS OF HALF THE BODY • UNAFFECTED LEG SHOULD BE ADVANCED FIRST BECAUSE WEIGHT OF THE BODY IS LIFTED TO NEXT STEP ON THE LEG WITH THE GREATEST STRENGTH DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS- PAIN IN THE LOWER LEG, MAY OCCUR WITHOUT SYMPTOMS AND CAN TRAVEL TO THE BRAIN AND HEART SIGN INCLUDES : REDNESS, PAIN, EDMA, WARMTH, DISCOLOR IN THE LEG, TRAVELING HISTORY CAN BE A RISK FACTOR AND SMOKING, OBSITY, IMMOBILTY,PREGNACY. RENAL CALCULI RISK FACTOR FOR IMMOBILITY • ANOTHER NAME FOR KIDNEY STONES 2. DUE TO EXCESSIVE CALCIUM IN BLOOD KNOWN AS HYPERCALCEMIA PATIENT WHO IS IMMOBILIZED SIGN AND SYMPTOMS/ EDUCATION : • ALWAYS ENCOURAGE COUGH • DEEP BREATHING TO PREVENT DISEASE • COUGH AND DEEP BREATHING EVERY 1-2 HOURS PREVENT RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS • PROVIDES CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY o HIGH PROTEIN OR FIBRE DIET IS RECOMMENDED FOR PATIENT WHO IMMOBILITY. VITAMIN B AND C TED STOCKINGS- PREVENTS DVT FROM OCCURING • ANTI-EMBOLISM STOCKINGS TO PROMOTE VENOUS RETURN • AIDS IN PREVENTION OF BLOOD CLOT DEVELOPMENT PASSIVE RANG OF MOTION PREVENT DVT/ CLOTS FROM RETURNING IMPORTANT TO KNOW POSTION THE PATIENT 1-2 HOURS IN THE BED AND IN THE CHAIR IS EVERY 1 HOURS AND PROVIDE SKIN CARE TO PREVENT SKIN BREAK DOWN. Trochanter Roll– Helps legs stay in position so they will be upright, prevents hips and ankles from rotating outward HAND ROLL - IS WHEN THE PATIENT IS NOT MOVING AND THEIR HAND CLOSE TOGETHER- PREVENT CONTRACTION POSITIONING TECHNIQUES SUPPORT FOWLER – HEAD OF THE BED IS ELEVATED 45-60 DEGREE AND THE PATIENT KNEES ARE ELVATED SUPINE – PATIENT IS ON THEIR BACK PRONE -LIES FACE DOWN TO CHEST SIDE LYING – LATERAL ON ONE SIDE- LYING SIM – RECTUAL POSITION INFECTION – WOUND INFECTION ARE PRESENT WHEN MICROORGANISM ARE INVADES THE WOUND TISSUE. AN INCREASE AMOUNT OF DRAIAGNE IS PRESENT EVISCERATION- TOTALLY SEPARATION OF WOUND LAYERS PROTRUSION OF VISCERAL ORGAN THROUGH OWUND OPENING. EMERGENCRY SURGERY IS NEE DEHISCENCE- WHEN INCISION FAILS TO HEAL PROPERLY THE LAYERS OF SKIN AND TISSUE SEPARATE, MOSTLY HAPPEN WITH PATIENT WHO ARE DIABETES TYPES OF WOUND DRAINAGE SEROUS- CLEAR, WATERY PLASMA PRULENT- THICK, YELLOW , GREEN, TAN OR BROWN RISK FACTOR FOR PRESSURE ULCERS • IMPAIRED SENSORY PERCEPTION • IMPAIRED MOBILITY • ALTERATION IN LEVEL OF CONSCIOSNESS • SHEAR • FRICTION • MOISTURE TROCHANTER ROLL- PREVENTS EXTERNAL ROTATION OF THE HIPS WHEN A PATIENT IS IN A SUSPINE POSITION. SEROSANGUINEOUS- PALE, PINK, WATERY, MIXTURE OF CLEAR AND RED FLUID SANGUINEOUS- BRIGHT RED INDICATES ACTIVE BLEEDING SEROUS- CLEAR, WATERY NORMAL FINDING PURULENT- THICK, YELLOW, GREEN, TAN OR BROWN COLOR. COCA- COLOR , ORDOR, CONSITENT AND AMOUNT DEBRIDEMENT IS THE REMOVAL OF NONVIABLE NECROTIC TISSUE. IT THE REMOVAL OD NECROTIC TISSUE IS NECESSARY TO RID THE WOUND OF A SOURCE OF INFECTION, CLEAN BASE NECESSARY FOR HEALING. SALINE IS WHAT IS USE FOR NORMAL WOUND CLEANING TRANPARENT DRESSING PROVIDE A MOIST ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE USE FOR STAGE 1 PRESSURE INJURE,PROTECT THE AREA HYDROCOLLOID DRESSING- ARE DRESSING WITH COMPLEX FORMULATION OF COLLID AND ADHESION STAYS 3-5 DAYS ON THE WOUND. HYDROGEL DRESSING- IS A MOISTURE DRESSING GOOD FOR WOUND HEALING. Four stages of healing- 1. Hemostasis 2. Inflammation 3. Proliferation/ granulation 4. remodeling / maturation. Wound care vac- applies negative pressure which removes fluid and promotes circulation and healing 3-4 days Four stage of healing are. – 1, hemostatsis, 2. Inflammation 3. Proliferation/ granulation 4. Remodeling or maturation Acute wound are- usually traumatic or surgical and should moved periodly Braden scale- is a pressure, ulcer scale- where the higher the number the more light the patient will have a pressure ulcer. Sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition and friction and shear The greater trochanter. Is the lying on the side hips. Transparent film – traps moisture over wound, hydrocolloid- dressing complex adhensive, hydrogel – are grauze sheet dressing impregrated with water glucerin. Alignated dressing for wound that are large amount of exudate with need packing. RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILUR IS BLOOD BACK IN THE IN THE BODY SIGN ARE- LIVER ENLARGEMENT, JUGULAR NECK DISTENTION, PERIPHERAL EDMA, CHUCKLE OBESITY LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY PROBLEMS AND LUNG ISSUE, FOR EXAMPLE, SHORTNESS OF BREATHS, CRACLE, DYSPNEA, ATELECTASIS- AIRLESSNESS OR COLLAPSE LUNGS AS A RESULT OF HYPOVENTILATION OR OBSRTRUCTION. PATIENT WILL HAVE A DIMINISHED BREATH SOUNDS.