Fundamentals of Nursing: Anatomy and Physiology Review, Exams of Nursing

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Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined origination of the word "nurse" - Answer from the latin word "nutrix" meaning to nourish Interrelated roles of nurses - Answer communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator coping with disability and death - Answer nurses use optimal function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community support systems; provide care to families and patients during end-of-life care, hospice The Nursing Process - Answer -one of major guidelines for nursing practice -helps nurses implement their roles -integrates art and science of nursing -allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning -defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing Nurse Practice Acts - Answer -define legal scope of nursing practice -create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and regulation -define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined - established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses 5 vital signs - Answer respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure, temperature, and pain Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria - Answer -well defined body specific and unique knowledge -strong service orientation -recognized authority by a professional group (ANA) -code of ethics -professional organization that sets standards -ongoing research -autonomy and self-regulation Florence Nightingale - Answer defined nursing as both an art and science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined wellness - Answer an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health nursing theory - Answer differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices evidence-based practice (EBP) - Answer a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes are achieved; may consist of specific nursing interventions or use guidelines established for the care of patients steps in implementing EBP - Answer Step 1: ask a question about a clinical area of interest or an intervention Step 2: collect the most relevant and best evidence Step 3: Critically appraise the evidence Step 4: integrate the evidence w/ clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in making a decision to change Step 5: evaluate the practice decision or change Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined human dimensions that compose the whole person - Answer physical, intellectual, environmental, spiritual, sociocultural, and emotional acute illness - Answer rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a short time; examples: cold, diarrhea, pneumonia, appendicitis chronic illness - Answer slow onset, characteristics: permanent change, caused by change in anatomy, requires special patient education, long period of care or support; examples: heart disease, diabetes, lung diseases, and arthritis stages-of-illness behaviors - Answer Stage 1: experiencing symptoms Stage 2: assuming the sick role Stage 3: assuming a dependent role Stage 4: achieving recovery and rehabilitation primary health promotion - Answer directed towards PROMOTING health and PREVENTING the development of disease processes or injury; example: immunization clinic, family planning services, accident prevention education Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined secondary health promotion - Answer focus on SCREENING for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found; example: assessing children for normal growth and development and encourage regular medical, dental and vision exams tertiary health promotion - Answer after an illness is diagnosed and treated; example: teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, refer woman to support group after removal of breast due to cancer maslow hierarchy of needs - Answer provides a framework for nursing assessment and for understanding the needs of patients at all levels; many nursing interventions are aimed at meeting patients' basic human needs Maslows level 1: physiologic needs - Answer oxygen, food, water, sex, rest, physical activity; physiologic needs are highest priority Maslows level 2: safety and security needs - Answer both physical and emotional components; being protected from potential or actual harm Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined respirations for healthy adult - Answer 12 to 20 breaths/min average blood pressure for healthy adult - Answer 120/80 intermittent fever - Answer temperature returns to normal at least once every 24 hours remittent fever - Answer temperature does not return to normal and fluctuates a few degrees up and down sustained or continuous fever - Answer temp remains above normal with minimal variations relapsing or recurrent fever - Answer temp returns to normal for one or more days with one or more episodes of fever, each as long as several days rectal temp - Answer 37.5 C, 99.5 F axillary temp - Answer 36.5 C, 97.7 F Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined tympanic temp - Answer 37.5 C, 99.5 F forehead temp - Answer 34.4 C, 94.0 F heat production - Answer -primary source is metabolism -hormones, muscle movements, exercise increase metabolism -thyroid hormone and shivering also increase heat production - energy production decreases and heat production increases sources of heat loss - Answer skin (primary source), evaporation of sweat, warming and humidifying inspired air, eliminating urine and feces radiation - Answer diffusion of heat by electromagnetic waves (such as an uncovered head) factors affecting body temp - Answer -circadian rhythms -age and gender -physical activity Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined -state of health -environmental temperature pulse is regulated by what? - Answer autonomic nervous system through cardiac sinoatrial node parasympathetic stimulation on pulse - Answer decreases heart rate sympathetic stimulation on pulse - Answer increases heart rate pulse rate - Answer the number of contractions over a peripheral artery in 1 minute places you can record a pulse - Answer temporal, carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis pulmonary ventilation - Answer movement of air in and out of lungs Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined ACE inhibitors - Answer to prevent vasoconstriction by angiotensin II and decrease circulatory fluid volume by reducing aldosterone production RACE - Answer R: rescue anyone in immediate danger A: activate the fire code and notify appropriate person C: confine the fire by closing doors and windows E: evacuate patients and other people to a safe area jaundice causes - Answer yellowish, itchy skin; bilirubin problem and liver not functioning properly eczema - Answer red, itchy inflammation of the skin; usually develops in early childhood, more common in people w/ family history; treatment involves avoiding soap and other irritants and applying creams or ointments if prescribed psoriasis - Answer common skin condition that speeds up the life cycle of skin cells, cells build up rapidly on surface of skin and extra skin cells form scales and red patches that are itchy and sometimes painful; chronic, comes and goes Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined wound - Answer a break or disruption in the normal integrity of the skin and tissues intentional wound - Answer the result of planned invasive therapy or treatment ex. surgery, intravenous procedure unintentional wound - Answer are accidental; occur from unexpected trauma open wound - Answer occurs from intentional and unintentional trauma; skin surface is broken, providing a portal of entry for microorganisms closed wound - Answer results from a blow, force, or strain caused by trauma such as a fall, an assault, or motor vehicle crash acute wound - Answer usually heal within days to weeks chronic wound - Answer do not progress through stages of healing; healing impeded albumin normal lab values - Answer 3.5-5 Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined vitamin c and zinc - Answer important in wound healing phases of wound healing - Answer -hemostasis-vessels constrict and clotting begins -inflammatory-white blood cells move to wound -proliferation-granulation tissue is formed -maturation-collagen is remodeled, forms scar hemostasis - Answer occurs immediately after intial injury, blood vessels constrict and clotting begins, exudate(drainage) forms and causes swelling and pain, increased perfusion results in heat and redness, platelets stimulate other cells to migrate to injury to participate in phases of healing inflammatory phase - Answer follows hemostasis and lasts 4-6 days, white blood cells move to wound, macrophages enter wound and remain extended time, they ingest debris and release growth factors, pt has generalized body repsonse proliferation phase - Answer begins 2-3 days of injury and may last up to 2-3 weeks, new tissue is built to fill wound space through action of fibroblasts, Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined when measuring a wound - Answer measure from left to right and then top to bottom friction - Answer occurs when two surfaces rub against each other shear - Answer results when one layer of tissue slides over another layer pressure ulcer - Answer wound with localized area of injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue fistula - Answer and abnormal passage from an internal organ or vessel to the outside of the body or from one internal organ or vessel to another sinus tract - Answer a cavity or channel underneath the wound that has the potential for infection cleaning a pressure ulcer - Answer clean w/ each dressing change, gentle motions (patting), use 0.9% normal saline solution to irrigate and clean, report any drainage or necrotic tissue Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined serous drainage - Answer clear and watery sanguineous drainage - Answer blood cells present; looks like blood serosanguineous drainage - Answer mix of serum and blood cells; light pink to blood tinged purulent drainage - Answer thick, musty or foul odor, varies in color open drainage system - Answer penrose drain; promotes drainage passively closed drainage system - Answer -Jackson-pratt drain -hemovac drain may be connected to an electrical suction or built-in reservoir color classification of open wounds - Answer -R: red-protect -Y: yellow-cleanse -B: black-debride Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined -mixed wound: contains components of RY&B wounds pain threshold - Answer the level at which a person experiences pain pain tolerance - Answer the maximum level of pain that a person is able to tolerate acute pain - Answer rapid in onset, varies in intensity and duration, protective in nature chronic pain - Answer pain that may be limited, intermittent, or persistent but that lasts beyond the normal healing period physiological measures that indicate pain - Answer increased blood pressure and pulse meaning of healing - Answer mending and getting better from disease 6 classes of nutrients - Answer supply energy: carbs, proteins, lipids Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined water - Answer -accounts for between 50% and 60% of adults total weight -2/3 of body water is contained within the cells (ICF) -the remainder of body water is extracellular fluid, body fluids -acts as solvent, aids digestion pronation - Answer face down; laying on your stomach supination - Answer face up; laying on your back (spine) inversion - Answer turning foot inward eversion - Answer turning foot outward afferent nervous system conveys info to the - Answer CNS; going to your brain efferent - Answer creates effect and goes to body part from brain the efferent system conveys via - Answer somatic nervous system Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense - Answer this informs the brain of the location of a limb or body part as a result of joint movements stimulating special nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and fascia visual or optic reflexes - Answer visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to spatial relationships with the environment extensor or stretch reflexes - Answer when extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point, their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish erect posture isotonic exercises - Answer muscle shortening and active movement isometric exercise - Answer muscle contraction without shortening isokinetic exercise - Answer muscle contraction with resistance paresis - Answer impaired muscle strength or weakness Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined paralysis - Answer absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment hemiparesis - Answer weakness of half of the body hemiplegia - Answer paralysis one half of the body paraplegia - Answer paralysis both legs quadriplegia - Answer paralysis of both arms and both legs anuria - Answer 24-hour urine output is less than 50mL; complete kidney shut down or renal failure dysuria - Answer painful or difficult urination frequency - Answer increased incidence of voiding glycosuria - Answer presence of sugar in the urine Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined when listening to bowel sounds - Answer start lower right and go up, across and down occult blood in stool - Answer blood that is hidden in the specimen or cannot be seen on gross examination direct studies - Answer going inside the body ex. colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy indirect studies - Answer commonly performed through radiography ex. abdominal ultrasound, MRI, abdominal CT scan, small bowel series, barium enema constipation - Answer dry, hard stool; persistently difficult passage of stool; incomplete passage of stool laxatives - Answer drugs that induce emptying of the intestinal tract enema - Answer the introduction of a solution into the large intestine, usually to remove feces Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined suppository - Answer a conical or oval solid substance shaped for easy insertion into a body cavity and designed to melt at body temperature ileostomy - Answer allows liquid fecal content from the ileum of the small intestine to be eliminated through the stoma colostomy - Answer permits formed feces in the colon to exit through the stoma ostomy - Answer surgical opening from the inside of an organ to the outside stoma - Answer the part of the ostomy that is attached to the skin normal stoma - Answer red and moist pale stoma - Answer shows signs of anemia ischemia - Answer deficiency of blood in a particular area hypoxia - Answer inadequate amount of oxygen available to cells Fundamentals of Nursing 100% Verified Latest Update 2023-2024 Accurately Defined eschar - Answer thick, leathery scab or dry crust that is necrotic and must be removed before the stage can be determined accurately scale used for predicting pressure sore risk - Answer braden scale debridement - Answer removal of devitalized tissue and foreign material negative-pressure wound therapy - Answer promotes wound healing and wound closure through the application of uniform negative pressure on wound bed, reduction in bacteria in the wound, and the removal of excess wound fluid, while providing a moist wound healing environment; results in mechanical tension on wound tissues, stimulating cell proliferation, blood flow to wounds, and the growth of new blood vessels body mechanics - Answer the use of proper body positions to provide protection from the stress of movement and activity