Fundamentals of thermodynamics and thermochemistry, Study notes of Thermodynamics

Download Fundamentals of thermodynamics and thermochemistry and more Study notes Thermodynamics in PDF only on Docsity! Es a THERMODYNAMICS — eT ra ——— ’ ; heamo dynamics. (Grseek) sy tp Reemas Floc | aan a ot) —— | ‘ . —| Chermical_enemqy of molecule ag [ean be _meleased by -heat_duaing a) chemical weactian. 4 | i usion_of Methane. aie Chemical +heamodynamics 1S one | Fe of _baranches of physical chems- S| 2 -resy which deala mith +cansfee L of heat either ag mesult of | physical change 0% chemical. a | * || Limitation of theamo dynamics 2 a Maccoscopic properties does not hange mith +inme £ temperature Vt a Re HO law of theanmmodynamic awe_applicable only. do matter of lbbvlol«, le macwosco- ‘pic system + not to individual atoms — te malecule of saRaeiomonysasnyetes and algo with paessuae. it) Hl Re Ard unamic se not vohien neiiiend a intemnal stauctume of atam and ————_—— molecule : bed _ oe iii my | ‘ Peek free] ae nply consence obouF { nitiol and —____ pe . ‘“ final stage OF meactian ae .. Maw of thesmoduynamices apply ____ ee only when System 1§ 19 —____ thes poate Pe eavilibsium on moves faom 5 ce me ane to anathem state of fe fe ne i ™ os s 2 oe 7 h ams & a s ) System’: ean ; a oe z It sefems to +hat past _ 5 £ hich obsemva- _ mei Svatoundings SP : Remaining part of ONIVE TSE canstitutes Suasaun- ding. a Pelt ‘The oniversge8 System+ ——Sureounding. — MUR Vistas Promertiess __Psopesties whose. value depend jen quantity om size of Teens PMCSSume im sugtem : JEx. Volume. ba Notes i) Extensive are puelchian'ge in nature. “ Hatrageneous sys consist aie geveso! pages total value of | ———$—<——> _textensive will equal ta sum va MEIER b ting Pram individual —_——<—$<$<$<$<$ —_—_——— pt 7 1 . BS ptieliia express: on 4. oi nte™ ___pes mole or gram. it _heeomes ee eee intensive prapesty. pis ar, esa pt a Peep eiiiOr ome taney me Die sy Volome Mass = Dencity- Takensive a) ones!» aoe | Volome Volume = Specific valume pees Se — ae Triensive— i tO — The pediuct sum $ oratia of | aint in ana 1 intensive _poropeety—cnill_he "> oe |intengive ee eee =. | 0 ae gees a — The som of Wextonewesdiilbens < a <a Pe aetanaive but matio oll ————— : 7. Phe intensive p rapesty .—— as Sade r  ae * Thermodynamic Function’ hen athe emodyoa mic system changes te- ane hate +o anotheé aa —— T i} Tactheernal _pmocess - The pmacess— in which tennpesatume lig fiseol os constant. oa Change in_temp- dt or AT: 0 ) process +hemre can 2 exchange of heat + ausmounding. ii Adibiatie prracesss e pmocess in_wihese theme is ____||ne_ exchange. of heat 5007000: Le ee pmacess. | rE jabatic pwacess +neee can ___llpe_ change in _temeeeatose. The pancess in whic. +heare—is __|tina_chang 2 in_yalume os volume ______|aemains _canstant. (dVow 4V= 0) cae obamic process's: ____ | The paroreaa —in_sshieh puessre Lista ing _canstant.{ dP oh P=0) = a ————— a — on ae = : _———. $= specific heat AQ=m-S:. A mp atte i ce : * Peat Rasa Pinback. a“ + © 0:9390 cal. ees 2h 7 4 kcal * + a ieakt a oe ape 10) 3) 7a = yp eiSx 1o%erss Meeocs col. 2 | keqrn3s’? |_eneegy 8 y system — “having 301 of mates assoc ied ——__— deere ' tt aa PO Ooo i Spite amount of —____— 1g called _— intes.cal ONeégy+ _£ neagiyy — ia__total of all sige s of syste m.——_—_— glational + £ xetatianal \o Evanding+-++— is Ai pnssile $e deteemine f_total _gnteénal —— qe tan: Fin  aystem. expands against leconsfant exteanal _pwessuse P * volume change be WAV then mechanical coals dane by gas. AV: Gtisl La] = g+(-P-aY) a a n AV=o, bgt oh bel OE ee a heat change constan) {4 votome . = 2 | is Enthaipy CH} weaie Apa Tap: ‘Heat contain of system at ENS eid constant paessuse i — —_——————————— low - Presause — canstant => PicPo =P | eae m= Sip - pAv ee Un-uUi = 4p - P(va-™) aks ul! Daeuy= Wp -P.ve thy ie ee’ Ua +PVo-= Gp +tPvi tU) Siena CVvatP.ve ~Cur+ PV! =9e---@ ; 5 i el Now) ae have» —__— =e Enthalpy : tHe SyONyi- ye we P Payee. (jy + pM Ho = Un +@Vo.- fear ea" ® Ha-Hi = AP  te m_is_deFine: of pane. is mequ yinred peatne of ys ship orpall quantity of heat pe given +o sys 3+ temp oF sys dT then heat capacity capacity oF sys, peepen, J oJ aasecue B8us deteemine =) 2  apt ae - ae oes = = =, Ti aes i ing a : i: : 5 vast ~ a ‘. ae = os wih piko > _ = — = : - _ — a = 7a F 1B oi — : otat An. i gt Hegt : a Rib eas Nt a ie J ye i cars ] er i ee = = r ls = “PRT [109V] "= -nA7[iogeVa-logevi] tials -2°3503 ART. toaq,. Sk a i i: Shy ee) nel he ee vy ‘ are ee = At canstant +empecotuse, eat [Aedes tow ae S) cs PiVi = Pave => va = ai iene. _— VI 2, = F ee ~—. pi esas {ial = - 2-304 —~—= n RT 10g ot br} aera fer _isatheamal contaaction ils 2:303 nRT gio we \= 3.303 nRT logiof Pay} 2 t 2 t Nv Very — expansion poe a ext =0 A lek Done ; 7 ee Lan Inlow js — >a = Trae) © pap? = Pedy og one ee I= 0 | Po - Nie ——  oe oun pe OUR | _ “ o BUF» | ip 1 _ aia = PAV=4(nRT)= nRAT D = NR (Ta-Nh)= WW: aaa =(—i) _ a OV =(-Jive — . ast re decrreaqses duain as_i6 compmesaed fram.) _by exteeng) pressuve ext WDon.gas can he plated by shaded amend of —gzaph: % psian of gas from yolume Vi to Va_2- inital hrnal aT ‘ fA 7 ' amred ; si ,? enaole done v \ b Y ga 3 Ve v ; ) gas vademgoing — yclic __pmocess on | F me (ANITYS, Wit} as he fi! iin | uv {hy : 1 Me ed amea_—_— Pe dono hy _ehaden ol, og the gas. 3 oe a  2 hosic_prsoces3 8-  affecting ‘on. Heat an en agy involved fers. state of chemical +3 Ong) — H2Og) AH« 57.8 k cal «++ +:exobheg nic 4atg)+g Oaca) — H20¢q) | OH: - 68-34 kcal \ Exo > H20r9) ~? HO) a Hao > 1204), ienad ie |All oteani foorn iad ~ |Dne allotsapic fam of la nN element canvested : __|into_anothes ai lotsapic afeyie ee paphite.— C Diamond - tye sae = Coal. + Oa(g) —? COaig) on ~94-3 cal. Oacg) 602g) OH? —976 KKcal. amand Erthalnpies of moacton — .._____- inane _cage dey Substanc 26. case same seact in @uhian. —$__— OHI +s 4H = -7-aKeal” o> RHE rgol tS SH2) n_ane SS =e —t prt me | ~~ 7 " f yy -— 1 46 u - ~~ S nee ; ate)! _ , . N i ‘ om = i Uh COD . me oh oie a ——=a ee ‘ ——eEE~_ —— ‘ ° Jie —— r entha}pt of meactian _- i at _congtart _- a 1OH= Au+4nRT | == 19p2Iv +6.0RT| — \ 2a ‘The _enthaipy Ci ~ee methane at cansindt pmeseuegin es AES KD rsngiponiinen .. = volome? “om atioN at constane a a “| Cesyt Ailacs}i-> chess, 7, SS _ a S48 Sic 2 i — AW: a . SAO any Cee eye = ites io 5 ae b a \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ea L L L | | I L 4 L (4H a ——_— _4H Naot 4H eiuanyt OH crssiycog)) 81-46 + 2.x.(-,295-18)] aL: 361-5) a Bis 46 572564 367:6, eet 56 is3, 129-56 = aurtt) X(3-314x10 3)x998 OU = 8-9x10%x9994129:56 AU=-12S .04 kJ © OMe sions BP OTrhgaip Nanae nik amount of.» ndezaoces z ~ GH = - 990-3KT BeHeny = ~290-3KT 4 50g) + 70269) > 4COa¢g) + 6Ha0e4) +745-6 KLal (OH F -745-6 kT AcCaHe = -146-6 - - g72-BKcal 2 in s) + O2¢9) = See DH=-94- ‘aKa OcHe = -94:3K cal  xadl te ~ex een) aes Sen of Combughian of meth va Batt 4 . bat = 4 ’ aD |, * . Nat 298 ke ape ahs 94 = 399-5 IsTmos"), = 985-81 Tinol BAA roamatian fo AEP we -  | = [= 999-5 - 571-0) +(-3909) _ | Amount of beat evolved oa Se we 645+¢Io5 DH 14-8 KTmel”! Sau = -74-8IcT mol"! Ag Yona labaosved «whe n_-t-mele 0 € salute | is dissolved Spy axia of soluent r. C200 mole) iS called enthalpy —__—_—— popygnle ery = of solutian:— | He 8074) + HeOy) > H2804(aq) AH=-20:aK¢ cal — ae Se Lindi ulna ats 4IKCI cen +HaO (4 6Clcaqy AH 44 FCG scape ones —— ee SS Ee | alEnthalpy of Nuteilization 8 —§£§ Meee Nurmilioatian=i.. = 2 ——$____——-_—— equivale ot golutian Steonag Acid + Stam Galt-+ lates | e¢ ee $1 Ka ; p> NachagytH20u) yo ea Clear + NaOHiag Nach; 9 AH: -10-1,600 Laeiastac 2 BH eppealizablans19-Lecal i) ee t ld9G04 cag) t 16 OH kkaSo4 +H20 = ————— ee } a ed ed bh bbb dade dd Sh fhe  — iM For detesmy'natian— extaemly slaw meqchon ‘iene detes ming tion tesansfaoroatian of 1 allatrropic For mn +o anotheé W)]| Car dateeminat'an band eneegy OY == Bond enesgies _ oF meqctant - = Bond eof paaduch. B v)||Pow deteemingtian af oe imesanance eneeqy VI Cam dotegminatian of lathise enesqu al _+— Fx €¢8) + Oargs — C029) OH=-94 Kecal 7 6) fs) + % 021g) —> COrg) OH? - 26 kcal a + Coca t 5 O29) =C02(9) AH= -68 kcal r Ces) +102(9) —?.CO2(g) 4H = Cag+-68) < 794 Iccal ‘ ‘Calevlate standamd hegt af fasmathian of casshon digulphides F camborn disulphide (liq) ame + — Despectively. Combusjon cassbon(3) eulphug(s)— ——-_—- — 893-3 , -293:1§- 1109-76 KTmol”! pie S:  ina campaund ia_called hand e22eqy = _lleHa¢g) —> Crg yt AH AH =, 1664 KT/mo} es & Application of bond eneegus Heat of cseactian 8 a iz Band enesgy of weactant ~ | = Band eneeqy of prsaduct 9)|Resongting eneégy 3 _ | ‘alcviated heat of formatian - @i) Bond dissociation eneagies of a 4 ms and 103 lécal /mol eapectively ee ae aleulate enthalpy SS a ne 3 jon of Hel gos le ; |"3) 1 Harcgyt t Clara) He) (g) aie agente a= ae d Be Wee = jo4 Ic cal: / mol : ee e1-Cliq) = 58 K cal /mol eT aad H -Cl(g) = 103 Is ealémol 2 We . preaduc sme 4AH==R- -£AR.e- eee sf Pesyee ge i cls a. z J ge  classmate. ee fe Sa ie) es DH = boy 1gx Ot H —> Ocg)t+H - SH = 101-19 ic cal aa 1 tgs i ; insi - i # Sponinneo _— 7 i os Seentaneaps rege ag nf a ER c | QO hich pas GO Oe a A omaces - o So a c me) —_ 7 yas uma! +enden 64 pasa Ty Tne eis free propeb ; : its aD) @mel = a I] es cps as de qiven Se S ea “in atrion oe anes ———~ el Omoces a 00 gg. 6 Do ‘Ana fy arse v | ee i 2 | ! ae \  ~~ : Ans meh me Horta 4H: + ve tia aul id a ; oe : Bou H aseact” aaith a hichiarmyse  ‘ ‘ © ran AAI an) + 30219) —> afeO3(95 Co. ae Hanae ia Tricimo Hi rife oO nega iv@_enteap of this woachian Lalo jcc dae esha BOO) NO 18 ? x 103 T/ me! ots. ecilas gl ERG ae S gus = +1648 AIO ag8 = 6690 Jk mel! eee  clvssmate (> date e ah No tee ste) tan Pigt tow T_, \ Spontaneous liek high T |__Non- spontaneous (at hbighT Spontaneous —— C Jat lowT Non- spentone +. Oto | Non- spontaneous