Download Fundamental Properties and Trends of Group 17 Elements: Halogens and more Study notes Inorganic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Fundamental Properties of Group 17 Elements
Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Todine Astatine
Symbol F et Br I At
Atomic number 9 17 35 53 85
Natural isotopes, %E 400 Se178.83 ™Brs054 71/100 Fda y*
A/% abundances *1/24.47 "Br /49.46
Total no. of isotopes 6 9 v 23 24
Atomic weight 19.00 35.45 73.90 126.9 (210)
Valence electrons 287298 3873p 4s*4p> 5575 p5 6576p >
mp /bp, °C - 220/~188 ~101/-34 ~73/588 114/184 302/337
Density . L81 g/L 3.21g/L 3.12g/cem? 4.94 g/cm)
Covalent radius, A 0.72 0.99 114 1.33
tonic radius,
Shannon-Prewitt, A (C.N.) 1.19¢6) 1.6716) 1.82(6} 2.06(6)
Pauling EN 4 3.0 28 25 2.2
Charge density 0.84 0.60 0.55 0.49
(charge /ionic radius),
unit charge, JA
E?,eV +287 +136 +107 40.54 +03
Oxidation states om | -Llio +7 ~lto +7? -lto +7 -L+L
+32), +5
Tonization energy,
ki /mol 1680 1251 1143 1009 916
Electron affinity,
kJ /mol — 333 — 348 =~ 324 — 205
Discovered by /date Moisson Scheele Balard Courtois Corson,
1886 1774 1826 1811 MacKenzie,
Segré 1940
rpw* O, OnF, None None None None
Acid-base character Acid Acid Acid Acid Acid
of oxide
rpw N, None None None None None
rpw halogens (See Section 18.4 on Neutral and Ionic Interhalogens)
rpw hydrogen HE HO HBr HI HAt
Crystal structure tee tee Ortho- Ortho-
thomb. thomb.
Group Trends (Section 17.1) vCommon Features (Halogens) vMelting and Boiling Points vOxidation States Chlorine (Section 17.4)
clos”
Free energy (V+ mol e-)
+10
+8
+6
+4
+2
Acidic
solution
+ ClOY
Oy
~e 3
Basic ~~ a
solution Clo,
r- Om
! ! ! ! Lo
+7 +5 +3 +10 -1
Oxidation state
Sections 17.5 – 17.6) vHydrogen Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid vHydrochloric Acid Halides (Section 17.7) vIonic Halides vCovalent Halides Interhalogen Compounds and Polyhalide Ions (Section 17.10) vInterhalogens (XYn) vPolyhalide Ions Interhalogen Compounds and Polyhalide lons
The Neutral Binary Interhalogens
Gas-phase structure Color and phase at STP Preparation
CIF — Linear Colorless gas Direct and Cl, + CIF;
CIF, — Distorted T-shaped Colorless gas Direct
CIF; Square pyramidal Colorless gas F; + CIF;
BrCl Linear Red-brown gas Direct
BrF Linear Pale-brown gas Direct and Bry + Br,
BrF; Distorted I-shaped Yellow liquid Direct
BrF, Square pyramidal Colorless liquid BrF, +F,
IBr Linear Black solid Direct
TCl Linear Red solid Direct
IF Linear Brown solid Direct and [, + Il",
ICl, Planar dimer Orange solid Direct
TF; — Triagonal planar Yellow solid Direct
TFs Square pyramidal Colorless liquid Direct
IF; Pentagonal bipyramidal Colorless gas Fy + IFs
Binary Interhalogen and Polyatomic Monohalogen Ions
Central halogen
Terminal
halogen Chlorine Bromine Todine
Fluorine ciIFy BrFy Bry IEE IFy
CL,Ft Brk* BrEr IE IEy
Cr; Bree Brk, IRD IF,
cine IFS
Chiorine ay BrCl BrCly ICIS ily
Br.Cl7 1Lc* ca
c+ Icly
Bromine Bry Bry IBry IBry
Bry LBrt L.Br-
Bry
lodine BR Ty
Les Is
Wy iy
iF Ig
1; ne
Element Reaction Flowchart (Section 17.12)
BrO,- FeF3 SiFe2-
“ h be
SE¢+ Th yp UO UF, SUR,
a So - Ne IF,
I:
HClO rc - L
103— ly —— 1" 17
OH" |/H*
NCI ot oa
3 ClO” Ca(ClO),
NH} on/ IC
FeCl; + Cl, == HC! FeCl,
P 2
OH .
PCIs Clo; —S— Clo,
Ht
Clo,
