Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: A Review, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing

Download Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: A Review and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Fundamentals Study Guide 1. Review types of wellness, including spiritual, physical, emotional, and sociocultural: Wellness: is an active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental and emotional health; functioning to one’s maximum potential while maintaining balance and a purposeful direction in the environment Physical Wellness: maintaining a health quality of life without excessive stress and fatigue and recognizing the importance of adopting healthful habits such as diet and exercise Emotional Wellness: understanding you and being able to cope with life challenges. It also means that you can share your feelings (such as sadness, anger, fear, hope, and happiness) with others Sociocultural Wellness: relating to and forming positive relationships with others such as family, friends, and co-workers and indentifying and understanding the impact your cultural values and identity have on your decisions and action Intellectual Wellness: being open to new ideas, experiences and learning opportunities Environmental Wellness: taking responsibility for making a positive impact on the world such as contributing to improving the quality of air, water, and land 2. Nursing Theory Erikson: Erikson believed that development is a continuous process made up of distinct stages, characterized by the achievement of development and significant others. Developmental theory based on four major organizing concepts: stages of development, developmental goals or tasks, psychosocial crises, and the process of coping • Infancy (1-18 months): trust versus mistrust; the infant rely on caregivers to meet basic needs of warmth, food, and comfort, forming trust in others. Mistrust can result from inconsistent, inadequate, or unsafe care • Toddler ( Ages 1-3 years): autonomy versus shame and doubt; as motor and language skills develop, the toddler learns from the environment and gains independence through encouragement from caregivers to feed, dress, and toilet self. • Preschool (ages 4-6 years): initiative versus guilt; confidence gained as a toddler allows the preschooler to take the initiative in learning so that the child actively seeks out new experiences and explores the how and why of activities. If the child experiences restrictions or reprimands for seeking new experiences and learning, guilt results, and the child hesitates to attempt more challenging skills in motor or language development. • School-Aged Children : industry versus inferiority; Focusing on the end result of achievements, the school-aged child gains pleasure from finishing projects and receiving recognition for accomplishments. If the child is not accepted by peers or cannot meet parental expectations, a feeling of inferiority and lack of self-worth might develop. • Adolescence : identity versus role confusion; with many physical changes occurring, the adolescent is in transition from childhood to adulthood. Hormonal changes produce secondary sex characteristics and mood swings. Trying on roles and even rebellion can be normal behaviors as the adolescent acquires a sense of self and decides what direction to take in life. Role confusion occurs if the adolescent is unable to establish identity and a sense of direction. • Young adulthood : intimacy versus isolation; the tasks for the young adult are to unite self-identity with identities of friends and to make commitments to others. Fear of such commitments results in isolation and loneliness • Middle adulthood : Generativity versus stagnation; the middle adult years are marked by involvement with family, friends, and community. This is also a time for becoming concerned for the next generation and desiring to make a contribution to the world. If this task is not met, stagnation results, and the person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed with one’s own needs or regresses to an earlier level of coping. • Later adulthood : ego integrity versus despair; as one enters the older years, reminiscence about life events provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose. Some older adults may not be fearful of dying if they feel they have achieved integrity. If one believes that one’s life has been a series of failures or missed directions, a sense of despair might prevail. 3. Review WHO (World Health Organization) and their definition of health: 8. Review the evolution of nursing research and credible resources which can be used: Florence Nightingale kept objective records during the Crimean War, and later went back to see which interventions were most effective to the patients. As advances were made in technology and medical research during the 20th century, nursing leaders realized that research about the practice of nursing was necessary to meet the health needs of modern society. During the 1950s and 1960s, nursing research was increasingly recognized as important. Early studies provided the basis for the development of nursing practice standards and the most effective educational preparation for registered nurses. The 1970s and 1980s focused on clinical research, with published studies of clinical interventions, such as vital signs and treatment procedures. 9. Review nursing goals for health promotion and illness prevention, including primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention Primary: weight loss, diet, exercise, smoking cessation, reduced alcohol consumption, avoidance of illicit drugs, farm safety, seat belts and child safety seats, immunizations, water treatment, safer sex practices, effective parenting Secondary: screenings (blood pressure, cholesterol, glaucoma, HIV, skin cancer) pap smears, mammograms, testicular examinations, family counseling Tertiary: medication, medical therapy, surgical treatment, rehabilitation, physical therapy, occupational therapy, job training 10. Review the Health People 2020 health promotion guidelines Attain high quality, longer lives, free of preventable disease, disability, injury, premature death. Achieve high equality, eliminate disparities, and improve health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behavior across all life stages. 11. Review NLN trends to watch for in nursing education Changing demographics and increasing diversity. The technological explosion. Globalization of the world's economy and society. The era of the educated consumer, alternative therapies, and genomic and palliative care. The shift to population-based care and the increasing complexity of patient care. The cost of health care and the challenge of managed care. The impact of health policy and regulation. The growing need for interdisciplinary education and for collaborative practice. The current nursing shortage/opportunities for lifelong learning and workforce development. Significant advances in nursing science and research. 12. Review the nursing role in providing care services in long-term care: Identify residents correctly, use medicines safely, prevent infection, prevent residents from falling, prevent bedsores education: nutrition, exercise, ETOH, vitamins, review health status and equipment, pace, consider sensory deficit, assess stress, discourage excessive napping, monitor elimination, encourage activity and independence, hygiene, safety 13. Review the health-illness continuum: The health–illness continuum is one way to conceptualize a person’s level of health. This model views health as a constantly changing state, with high-level wellness and death at opposite ends of a graduated scale, or continuum. This continuum illustrates the ever-changing state of health as a person adapts to changes in internal and external environments to maintain a state of well- being. 14. Review the use of incident reports: Incident report: (also known as variance or occurrence reports) are used by health care agencies to document the occurrence of anything out of the ordinary that results in, or has the potential to result in, harm to a patient, employee, or visitor. These reports are used for quality improvement and should not be used for disciplinary action against staff members. They are means of identifying risks. These reports improve the management and treatment of patients by identifying high-risk patterns and initiating in-service programs to prevent future problems. 15. Review the nurse role in continuity of care: Continuity of care is a process by which health care providers give appropriate, uninterrupted care and facilitate the patient’s transition between different settings and levels of care. Continuity of care ensures a smooth transition between ambulatory or acute care and home health care or other types of health care settings in the patient’s community. Continuity depends on excellent communication as patients move from one caregiver or health care site to another. 16. Review the steps of the nursing process and the importance of the nursing process: The nursing process is another of the major guidelines for the nursing practice. The essential activities involved in the nursing process are assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating. Nurses implement their roles through the nursing process, which integrates both the art and the science of nursing- that is, the nursing process is nursing made visible. It is used by the nurse to identify the patient’s health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a plan of care to meet those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan to meet established outcomes. 17. Review the competencies in nursing, including cognitive, technical, interpersonal, intrapersonal and ethical/legal To promote health, prevent illness, restore health, and to facilitate coping with disability or death Interpersonal- • Creative use of looks, speech, and touch to communicate respect and t enhance sense of worth • Skilled use of presence and conversation to demonstrate empathy and to obtain sufficient knowledge about the patient to personalize care and serve as an effective advocate • Responsible, competent attentiveness to the holistic needs of patients such that trust is built and patients experience comfort of security • Value mutual enrichment of both participants in the nurse-patient relationship Cognitive- • Offer a scientific rationale for the plan of care • Select those nursing interventions that are most likely to yield desired outcomes • Use critical thinking to problem solve creatively Technical- • Use technical equipment with sufficient competence and ease to achieve goal with a minimum of distress to involved participants 4. Review the health risks of a patient with immobility Musculoskeletal: disuse osteoporosis and atrophy, contractures; stiffness and pain in joints Respiratory: decreased respiratory movement, pooling of respiratory secretions; atelectasis; hypostatic pneumonia Cardiovascular: diminished cardiac reserve; increased use of the valsalvo maneuver, orthostatic hypotension, venous vasodilation and stasis, dependnent edema, thrombus formation 5. Review the effects of mobility on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal system Musculoskeletal: maintain size, tone and strength of muscles; nourish joints; increase joint flexibility, stability and ROM; maintain bone density and strength Cardiovascular: increase heart rate and strength on contraction; increased blood supply to the heart and muscles’ mediates harmful effects of stress Respiratory: increase ventilation and oxygen intake improving gas exchange; prevents pooling of secretions in the bronchi and bronchioles 6. Review the different types of joint movements, including adduction, abduction, extension, flexion Abduction-movement away from the midline of the body Adduction-movement towards the midline of the body Flexion-movement that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones, bending a limb Extension-movement that increases the angle between body parts Dorsiflexion-The dorsal surface of the foot moves up Plantarflexion-The plantar surface of the foot moves down. 7. Review safety considerations and measures for neonates, children, adolescent and elderly Neonates: rear facing care seat; falls; SIDS; injury from toys; burns; suffocating and choking; electrocution; injecting foreign bodies; child mistreatment (report to DCF) Children: front facing car seat; falls; cuts; drowning; concussions; guns and weapons; escape from home; poison; suffocating and choking; child mistreatment Adolescent: piercings and tattoos, driving, firearms, suicide, drugs and alcohol and tobacco, sexuality and STDs, sexual abuse, use of internet, risk taking Adults: stress; domestic violence; MVA; industrial accidents and exposure; drugs and alcohol Elderly: abuse and neglect; MVA; sensory motor changes; fires; forgetfulness; burns; accidental overdosing and polypharmacy 8. Review proper documentation guild lines Content: complete, accurate, concise, current and factual, is reflects the nursing process Timing: document in a timely manner; never document before carrying them out Format: check for correct chart; use standard terminology Accountability: first initial and last name and title to each entry; do not use dittos, erasures, or correcting fluid Confidentiality: students do not sign any documentation; charts are kept private for the moral and legal right of the patient 9. Review methods of documentation, including ISBARR, SBAR, DAR, charting by exception, and SOAP SBAR- situation, background, assessment, recommendation/respond ISBARR- introduction, situation, background, assessment, recommendation/respond DAR- data, action, response SOAP- subjective data, objective data, assessment, plan Charting by exception is a shorthand documentation method that makes use of well-defined standards of practice; only significant findings or “exceptions” to these standards are documented in narrative notes. Benefits include less time needed for charting, a greater emphasis on significant data, and easy retrieval of significant data, timely beside charting, standardized assessment, greater interdisciplinary communication, better tracking of important patient responses, and lower costs Module 3 1. Review rationales of why culture is significant to health care Nurses need to recognize ways in which culture, economic condition, and overall lifestyle influence a patient’s preferred mode of communicating. This helps one understand what the patient understands. Culture refers to the common lifestyles, languages, behavior patterns, traditions, and beliefs that are learned and passed from one generation to the next. It provides social structure for daily living. 2. Review specific cultures and preferences for personal space and significant cultural factors, including food preferences What is the personal space preference of most Arabic and African individuals? Close personal space What is the personal space preference of most Asian and European individuals? Distant personal space In what group is the head of the household typically female? African-American 3. Review differences between cultural shock, assimilation, and blindness Cultural shock : feelings, usually negative, that a person experiences when placed in a different culture Cultural Assimilation : losing old culture and adopting a new culture Cultural blindness : the belief that everyone is treated with same within that culture 4. Review what is meant by stereotyping with cultural ethnic groups It is the assumption that all members of a culture or ethnic group act alike. May be positive or negative (racism, ageism, and sexism)