G11 Earth Science Reviewer, Lecture notes of Earth science

Download G11 Earth Science Reviewer and more Lecture notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! Reviewer for Earth Science Theories of Universe Big bang theory - George Lemaitre Steady state theory - Bondi, Gold & Hoyle Cyclic model - Steinhardt and Turok Inflation theory - Guth Multiverse Theory- Everett and DeWitt Geocentric - earth is the center by Ptolemy Solar system Heliocentric - sun is the center by Copernicus Protoplanet theory - Mccrea Capture theory - Woolfson Solar nebula theory - Cameron Modern laplacian theory - Laplace Solar system is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old. Terrestrial planets - mercury, venus, earth, mars Jovian planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, neptune Constellation - stars that forms images (ex. Small dipper that hosts the north star) Oort Cloud - a giant spherical shell surrounding the rest of the solar system. Kuiper Belt - a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System. Black hole - a region of space time where gravity is so strong that nothing, no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light can escape from. Comet - bodies of dust and frozen gases, and direction of its tail is always away from Sun. Meteorites - survives its passage through the atmosphere, and an asteroid that penetrates Earth’s atmosphere. Meteor - streak of light and smoke in the sky. Earth Systems Crust - outermost layer of Earth. Can be classified to continental(dry land, thicker) and oceanic (ocean floors, thinner and younger) Mantle - the thickest layer, subdivided into upper (above asthenosphere) and lower (below asthenosphere) parts, and contains most of the Earth’s mass. Outer Core - the liquid core Inner Core - solid core, made up of nickel and iron. Lithosphere - the rock sphere, brittle crust and uppermost mantle. Asthenosphere - the weak sphere, so hot that it behaves plastically. Mohorovicic discontinuity - divides or the transition zone between the crust and the mantle. Gutenberg Discontinuity - boundary above the Upper Core. Lehman Discontinuity - separates the two types of Core. S - wave - only travel through solids. P - wave - a seismic wave that travels through solid, liquid, and gas. Troposphere - lowest layer of atmosphere, where we live. Tropopause - boundary between troposphere and stratosphere ¢ Stratosphere - where planes fly since it has less turbulence, less clouds and air is dry. And where the ozone layer can be found or the one that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the Sun. e Stratopause - boundary between stratosphere and mesosphere © Mesosphere - coldest layer, thus temperature is low. ¢ Mesopause - boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere ¢ lonosphere - Aurora borealis or Northern lights and Aurora australis or the Southern lights seen in the high-latitude regions around the Antarctic. ¢ Thermosphere - kinetic energy is present, and often considered the "hot layer". ¢ Thermopause - boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere. ¢ Exosphere - outermost layer of the atmosphere with temperature usually between 0 °C and 1700 °C. ¢ Hydrosphere - 71% of earth is water. 97% is salt/ocean water and 3% is freshwater. ¢ Typhoon are usually alphabetical order (except letter X) ¢ Biosphere - a system that made us unique from other planets. ¢ Cell - smallest unit of life. ¢ Biome - is a large land area with a distinct climate and plants and animal species exist. Example of biomes: Taiga (forest of the cold) Tundra (coldest biome) Desert (about 1/5 of Earth's surface) Relationship of Earth’s System ¢ Geosphere-Atmosphere: examples are volcanoes and emission of gases ¢ Geosphere-Hydrosphere: examples are weathering/erosion and aquifer ¢ Biosphere-Atmosphere: examples are birds flying and viruses e Atmosphere-Hydrosphere: example is typhoon ¢ Hydrosphere-Biosphere: example is rain for plant growth Quiz 1