Understanding the Causes of Common Diseases: A Comparative Analysis, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding the Causes of Common Diseases: A Comparative Analysis and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO-322 Applied Pathophysiology Final Exam Guide Q & A 2024 1. Which of the following best describes the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas C. Viral infection leading to insulin resistance D. Unknown cause Answer: A. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity Rationale: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is primarily caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle. 2. What is the pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis? A. Destruction of joint cartilage due to excessive wear and tear B. Autoimmune response targeting synovial tissue C. Decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines D. Excessive production of uric acid crystals in joints Answer: B. Autoimmune response targeting synovial tissue Rationale: Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by an autoimmune response that targets the synovial tissue in joints, leading to inflammation and damage. 3. Which of the following clinical manifestations is commonly associated with heart failure? A. Hypertension B. Persistent cough C. Hyperglycemia D. Muscle weakness Answer: B. Persistent cough B. Chronic cough C. Excessive hunger D. Constipation Answer: B. Chronic cough Rationale: Chronic cough is a common symptom of GERD, often due to acid reflux irritating the throat and lungs. 10. What is the etiology of Osteoporosis? A. Genetic predisposition and aging B. Hormonal imbalances C. Traumatic injury to the bones D. Autoimmune destruction of bone tissue Answer: A. Genetic predisposition and aging Rationale: Osteoporosis is often caused by a combination of genetic predisposition and aging, leading to decreased bone density. 11. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Chronic Liver Disease? A. Inflammation and scarring of liver tissue leading to fibrosis B. Excessive production of bile in the liver C. Autoimmune destruction of liver cells D. Insulin resistance in liver cells causing fatty liver Answer: A. Inflammation and scarring of liver tissue leading to fibrosis Rationale: Chronic Liver Disease is characterized by inflammation and scarring of liver tissue, leading to fibrosis and impaired liver function. 12. What is a common clinical manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)? A. Joint pain and swelling B. Hypertension C. Excessive sweating D. Chronic cough Answer: A. Joint pain and swelling Rationale: Joint pain and swelling are common symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a systemic autoimmune disease. 13. What is the etiology of Malabsorption Syndromes? A. Autoimmune destruction of intestinal villi B. Chronic bacterial infection of the intestines C. Genetic mutations affecting nutrient absorption D. Impaired digestive enzymes or absorption mechanisms Answer: D. Impaired digestive enzymes or absorption mechanisms Rationale: Malabsorption Syndromes are often caused by impaired digestive enzymes or absorption mechanisms in the intestines. 14. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Celiac Disease? A. Autoimmune response to gluten leading to inflammation and damage in the intestines B. Excessive production of mucus in the intestines C. Genetic mutations affecting digestion of certain foods D. Lack of digestive enzymes needed to break down carbohydrates Answer: A. Autoimmune response to gluten leading to inflammation and damage in the intestines Rationale: Celiac Disease is caused by an autoimmune response to gluten, leading to inflammation and damage in the intestines. 15. What is a common clinical manifestation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? A. Wheezing B. Hypertension C. Palpitations D. Excessive sweating Answer: A. Wheezing Rationale: Wheezing is a common symptom of COPD, often due to narrowed airways and difficulty breathing. 16. What is the etiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)? A. Atherosclerosis and plaque build-up in the coronary arteries B. Genetic mutations affecting heart function C. Viral infection of the heart muscle D. Autoimmune response targeting heart tissue Answer: A. Atherosclerosis and plaque build-up in the coronary arteries Rationale: Coronary Artery Disease is primarily caused by atherosclerosis and plaque build-up in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart. 17. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? A. Chronic inflammation of the airways leading to bronchoconstriction B. Excessive production of mucus in the airways C. Damage to alveoli causing decreased gas exchange D. Abnormal growth of lung tissue causing obstruction of airflow C. Inflammation of the heart tissue due to infection D. Autoimmune destruction of cardiac muscle cells Answer: A. Blockage of blood flow to the heart causing tissue damage Rationale: Myocardial Infarction is caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart, leading to tissue damage and decreased cardiac function. 24. What is a common clinical manifestation of Hypertension? A. Weight loss B. Headache C. Hyperglycemia D. Muscle weakness Answer: B. Headache Rationale: Headache is a common symptom of Hypertension, often due to increased blood pressure and vascular tension. 25. What is the etiology of Anemia? A. Iron deficiency or chronic blood loss B. Autoimmune destruction of red blood cells C. Genetic mutations affecting hemoglobin production D. Chronic inflammation of bone marrow Answer: A. Iron deficiency or chronic blood loss Rationale: Anemia is often caused by iron deficiency or chronic blood loss, leading to decreased red blood cell production. 26. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Gout? A. Excessive production of uric acid crystals in joints B. Chronic inflammation of the synovial tissue C. Autoimmune response targeting joint cartilage D. Wear and tear of joint tissue due to aging Answer: A. Excessive production of uric acid crystals in joints Rationale: Gout is characterized by excessive production of uric acid crystals in joints, leading to inflammation and pain. 27. What is a common clinical manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis? A. Joint deformities B. Hypertension C. Excessive sweating D. Chronic cough Answer: A. Joint deformities Rationale: Joint deformities are a common symptom of Rheumatoid Arthritis, often due to damage and inflammation in the joints. 28. What is the etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease? A. High blood pressure and diabetes B. Bacterial infection of the kidneys C. Autoimmune destruction of kidney tissue D. Genetic mutations affecting kidney function Answer: A. High blood pressure and diabetes Rationale: Chronic Kidney Disease is often caused by underlying conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes that damage the kidneys over time. 29. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Stroke? A. Blockage of blood flow to the brain causing tissue damage B. Excessive bleeding in the brain leading to increased intracranial pressure C. Inflammation of the brain tissue due to infection D. Autoimmune destruction of nerve cells in the brain Answer: A. Blockage of blood flow to the brain causing tissue damage Rationale: Stroke is often caused by a blockage of blood flow to the brain, leading to tissue damage and neurological deficits. 30. What is a common clinical manifestation of Heart Failure? A. Shortness of breath B. Headache C. Hyperglycemia D. Muscle weakness Answer: A. Shortness of breath Rationale: Shortness of breath is a common symptom of Heart Failure, often due to fluid accumulation in the lungs and decreased cardiac output. 31. What is the etiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas B. Genetic mutations affecting insulin production C. Viral infection leading to insulin resistance D. Unknown cause Answer: A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is caused by an autoimmune response that destroys beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. 32. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of the kidneys over time. 38. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas C. Excessive production of insulin leading to hypoglycemia D. Genetic mutations affecting insulin receptors Answer: A. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism Rationale: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. 39. What is a common clinical manifestation of Chronic Liver Disease? A. Jaundice B. Hypertension C. Muscle weakness D. Excessive sweating Answer: A. Jaundice Rationale: Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, is a common symptom of Chronic Liver Disease, often due to impaired liver function and bile flow. 40. What is the etiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? A. Smoking and environmental pollution B. Genetic mutations affecting lung function C. Autoimmune response targeting lung tissue D. Viral infection of the lungs Answer: A. Smoking and environmental pollution Rationale: The primary cause of COPD is smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants such as dust and chemicals. 1. A 54-year-old male with a history of smoking and hypertension presents with chest pain radiating to the left arm. What is the most likely pathophysiological process occurring? A. Myocardial infarction B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease C. Musculoskeletal pain D. Panic attack Answer: A. Myocardial infarction Rationale: The patient's risk factors and the characteristic radiating chest pain suggest a myocardial infarction, where blockage of coronary arteries leads to ischemia and damage to the heart muscle. 2. A patient presents with increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Which condition do these symptoms suggest? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Chronic kidney disease C. Hyperthyroidism D. Cushing's syndrome Answer: A. Diabetes mellitus Rationale: These are classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, caused by insufficient insulin production or action, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. 3. A 60-year-old woman with a swollen, red, and warm right calf is suspected of having deep vein thrombosis (DVT). What is the primary etiology of DVT? A. Viral infection B. Venous stasis C. Arterial hypertension D. Bacterial infection Answer: B. Venous stasis Rationale: DVT is primarily caused by venous stasis, which can occur due to prolonged immobility, leading to clot formation in the deep veins. 4. A patient diagnosed with asthma is experiencing an acute exacerbation. Which pathophysiological mechanism is responsible for the airway constriction? A. Alveolar collapse B. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness C. Pulmonary edema D. Pleural effusion Answer: B. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness Rationale: Asthma is characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness leading to reversible airway constriction in response to various stimuli. 5. A patient with a productive cough and fever is diagnosed with pneumonia. What is the pathogenesis of pneumonia? A. Autoimmune destruction of lung tissue B. Inhalation of infectious agents C. Allergic reaction to environmental pollutants D. Genetic mutation affecting lung cells Answer: B. Inhalation of infectious agents Rationale: Pneumonia is typically caused by the inhalation of infectious agents, leading to inflammation and consolidation in the lung parenchyma. Rationale: The presence of white patches on the tonsils along with a sore throat and fever suggests tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils usually due to infection. 12. A patient with untreated hypertension is at risk for which of the following complications? A. Osteoarthritis B. Stroke C. Hyperthyroidism D. Peptic ulcer disease Answer: B. Stroke Rationale: Chronic untreated hypertension can lead to damage of blood vessels in the brain, increasing the risk of stroke. 13. A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus is at increased risk for which of the following conditions? A. Gout B. Diabetic ketoacidosis C. Hyperparathyroidism D. Addison's disease Answer: B. Diabetic ketoacidosis Rationale: Patients with type 1 diabetes are at risk for diabetic ketoacidosis due to the lack of insulin, leading to high blood sugar and accumulation of ketones. Which of the following best describes the etiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? A. Genetic predisposition B. Viral infection C. Trauma D. Environmental toxins Answer: A. Genetic predisposition Rationale: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has a strong genetic component, with family history being a significant risk factor for its development. What is the primary pathogenic mechanism behind Rheumatoid Arthritis? A. Autoimmune response targeting joint tissues B. Bacterial infection C. Traumatic injury D. Metabolic disorder Answer: A. Autoimmune response targeting joint tissues Rationale: Rheumatoid Arthritis is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the synovial membrane in joints. Which of the following is a common clinical manifestation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? A. Persistent cough with blood-tinged sputum B. High-grade fever C. Bradycardia D. Hypertension Answer: A. Persistent cough with blood-tinged sputum Rationale: COPD often presents with symptoms such as chronic cough, dyspnea, and sputum production. What is the etiology of Hypertension in most cases? A. Unknown B. Bacterial infection C. Lifestyle factors and genetics D. Viral infection Answer: C. Lifestyle factors and genetics Rationale: Hypertension is commonly attributed to a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Myocardial Infarction? A. Sudden viral infection of the heart muscle B. Blockage of coronary arteries leading to ischemia C. Trauma to the chest area D. Genetic mutation in heart cells Answer: B. Blockage of coronary arteries leading to ischemia Rationale: Myocardial Infarction occurs when there is a blockage in the coronary arteries, resulting in inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle. What is a common clinical manifestation of Acute Renal Failure? A. Hypertension B. Decreased urine output C. Hyperglycemia D. Increased appetite Answer: B. Decreased urine output Rationale: Acute Renal Failure often presents with decreased urine output, electrolyte imbalances, and fluid overload. The etiology of Alzheimer's Disease is primarily linked to: A. Traumatic brain injury B. Genetic factors and aging C. Bacterial infection D. Metabolic disorders Answer: B. Genetic factors and aging Rationale: Alzheimer's Disease is strongly associated with genetic predisposition and advancing age. Which of the following is a characteristic clinical manifestation of Sepsis? A. Hypotension B. Bradycardia blocking the pancreatic duct, leading to enzyme activation and inflammation. What is a common clinical manifestation of Multiple Sclerosis? A. Muscle hypertrophy B. Blurred vision and muscle weakness C. Bradycardia D. Hypotension Answer: B. Blurred vision and muscle weakness Rationale: Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by demyelination of nerve fibers, leading to symptoms such as visual disturbances and muscle weakness. The etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is closely associated with: A. Traumatic injury B. Genetic factors and environmental triggers C. Bacterial infection D. Metabolic disorders Answer: B. Genetic factors and environmental triggers Rationale: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is believed to arise from a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors triggering autoimmune responses. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of Hepatitis B infection? A. Traumatic exposure to infected blood B. Viral replication in liver cells leading to inflammation C. Genetic mutation in liver enzymes D. Metabolic disorder affecting liver function Answer: B. Viral replication in liver cells leading to inflammation Rationale: Hepatitis B infects liver cells, causing viral replication and triggering an inflammatory response that can lead to liver damage. What is a typical clinical manifestation of Hypothyroidism? A. Hyperactivity and weight loss B. Cold intolerance and fatigue C. Hypertension D. Tachycardia Answer: B. Cold intolerance and fatigue Rationale: Hypothyroidism is characterized by a slowed metabolism, leading to symptoms such as cold intolerance, fatigue, and weight gain. The etiology of Crohn's Disease is primarily linked to: A. Lifestyle factors B. Genetic predisposition and immune dysregulation C. Traumatic injury to the gastrointestinal tract D. Bacterial infection Answer: B. Genetic predisposition and immune dysregulation Rationale: Crohn's Disease is thought to have a genetic component and involves immune system dysfunction contributing to chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following is a common etiological factor for Ovarian Cancer? A. Traumatic injury to the ovaries B. Genetic mutations and hormonal influences C. Bacterial infection in the reproductive system D. Metabolic disorders Answer: B. Genetic mutations and hormonal influences Rationale: Ovarian Cancer is associated with genetic mutations and hormonal factors that can increase the risk of malignant cell growth in the ovaries.