Review Questions: Anatomy & Function of Human Digestive & Circulatory Systems - Prof. Jerr, Study notes of Biology

Download Review Questions: Anatomy & Function of Human Digestive & Circulatory Systems - Prof. Jerr and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Review Questions for Exam # 3 Be sure to check the questions at the end of your chapters and the practice tests on the CD from your book. There may be some additional questions to be sent after class on Tuesday. 1. What are the major parts of a long bone? What are osteoblasts? What is bone made of? -Osteoblasts: bone forming cells, bone is made up of calcium 2. What are the types of marrow and the functions of each. What are stem cells? -Red Marrow: formation of red and white blood cells, White/Yellow Marrow: mostly fat containing cells but can convert to red marrow in times of stress. Stem cells: cells that have potential to form specific cells in the body. 3. What is osteoporosis? What are the relationships of dietary calcium, physical activity, osteoclasts and hormones to this problem? -Osteoporosis: increase in spongy bone with age, the more calcium you intake and the more you exercise the stronger your bones will be. 4. What are the major features of the joint. How are bones held together? What is the importance of cartilage, bursa and synovial fluid? What is arthritis? -Cartilage, bursa(sac), synovial(fluid), ligaments(hold bone to bone), tendons(hold muscle to bone). Arthritis is an inflammation of a joint that causes pain. 5. What is the functional group of a striated muscle? How do muscles contract? What things are necessary for muscle contraction? What are the roles of actin, myosin, atp, calcium? -see notes 6. If muscles can only relax, how do we account for the different movements of our bodies? -Muscles come in antagonistic pairs 7. What are some features of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle? -smooth muscle: involuntary and contracts in response to hormones or nervous stimulation, found in organs, blood vessels, and for the movement of food through the digestive system, can be contracted over long periods of time. Cardiac muscle: unique to heart. Generates own beat(myogenic), striated and metabolize lactic acid. 8. What is peristalsis and why is it important to the process of digestion? -Peristalsis: wave like contradictions that move food through the digestive system. 9. What are the differences between intracellular and extracellular digestion? -intacellular digestion: digestion inside a small organism where food is broken down then dispersed throughout the organism. Extracellular digestion: digestion of bigger organisms where food is consumed through a mouth, goes through a process then comes out through the anus. 10. Where does the digestion of carbohydrates begin? Proteins? fats? What are the enzymes responsible for these. What is the difference between an endopeptidase and an exopeptidase enzyme? What are some examples? -mouth(breaking down of food particles). Amylase is enzyme for carbohydrates. Lipase is enzyme for fats. Pepsinogen is enzyme for proteins. SEE NOTES. 11. What regulates the release of food from the stomach? What hormone is involved, what valve or structure? -pyloric sphincter. Gastrin is hormone produced by stomach wall in response to food. 12. How is the pancreas involved in digestion? What are its endocrine and exocrine functions. -two major types of cells: one is blood sugar regulation, the other produces a pancreatic juice which neutralizes the chyme. 13. The small intestine is responsible for absorption, but also secretes some hormones, What are they, and what do they do? -Secretin: stimulates bicarbonate production by pancreas and liver; increases bile output by liver. Cholecystokinin: stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes and release of bile by gallbladder. Enterogastrone: regulates the release of food from stomach. 14. What is the function of the large intestine.? -absorb access water, sodium, and other ions from the chime. Houses a bacterial flora which helps to digest remaining foods and to produce vitamin K. Rectum is the terminal end of the digestive system. 15. Why is the liver so important to the process of digestion, absorption and conversion of nutrients? What are some of its functions. -production of bile which is stored in the gall bladder and released when needed. Breaks down red blood cells and recycles hemoglobin. Detoxifies poisons, alcohol and drugs. Deamination of amino acids and makes urea a relatively non- toxic waste. Performs many metabolic conversions, e.g. glucose to glycogen. 16. You are cow. How is your digestive system different from that of a tiger? What would be the modifications? -It has a 4 chambered stomach(55 gallon capacity) and food is chewed up then regurgitated then re-swallowed then digested. Cows teeth are flat grinding teeth for crushing cell walls. 17. Which of the vitamins are water soluble? are fat soluble? why do we need more of the water soluble vitamins. What is the role of vitamin C, D, K, B complex? -water soluble: Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C. fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, K and Beta Carotene. We need more water soluble vitamins because they are frequently being depleted in our body where the fat soluble vitamins stay for a while. Vitamin C- for collagen “cellular glue” Vitamin D- “sunshine vitamin”, calcium transfer, bone formation Vitamin K- bacteria of gut, for blood clotting Vitamin B complex- for metabolism 18. What are the key minerals which our bodies need? -Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Phosphorous