General Biology - Grade 11 First Semester, Study notes of Biology

Download General Biology - Grade 11 First Semester and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! SEPTEMBER 14, GEN BIO 1 THE CELL 1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory 2. Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles; 3. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features 4. Classity ditterent cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each 5. Describe some cell 4c modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out S. Structure and Function of Animal tissues and Ce] Modification (e.g microvilli, root hair) specialized functions _— (e.g,, microvilli, root hair) a - i . - - es A a BIOLOGY the study of living organisms, divided into many Specialized fields that cover. their morphology, Physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution. Fungi (eukaryotic, multicellular) Protista (eukaryotic, uni- or multicellular) Eubacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular) Animalia (eukaryotic, multicellular) Universal ancestor Plantae (eukaryotic, multicellular) Archaebacteria (prokaryotic, unicellular) WHAT (IS CELL? Cells are considered to be the basic and Smallest unit of life tha carry out life processes. The cell iS an example. of Emergent Properties. The organelles alone can do nothing, but if all of them are put together inside ae cell membrane, “life” can emerge. 62. PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE This is review of microscope parts and their functions. 9. Ocular (eyepiece) *Body tube 2- Nosepiece SLOW power objective 6 ‘ = i - Coarse adjustment | Stage clips i q. € ?- Diaphragm 5 ine adjustment knob L c od — — we __|** Base | MAICROSCOPE An instrument uSed to Observe microorganisms that are not visible in the naked eye e §tage Clips - Stage clips hold the Slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move tne Slid@€ around by turning two Knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down. e Diaphragm - alSO Known as iris. The field diaphragm in the base of the microscope controls only the width of the bundle of light rays reaching the condenser. This variable aperture does not affect the optical resolution, numerical aperture, or the intensity of illumination. e Lamp - The illumination system of the Standard optical microscope iS designed to transmit light through a translucent object for viewing. In a modern microscope it consists of a light Source, such as an electric lamp or a light- emitting diode, and a ens System forming the condenser. e Eyepiece - alSOo Known as the ocular. this is the part used to _ 1|ooK through the microscope. Its Trounam at the “C@ae Ouaae microscope. Its Standard magnification is 10x with an optional eyepiece having magnifications from 5X - 30X. e Arm - Supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used along with the base to carry the microscope e {tage - This is the section on which the specimen is placed for viewing. They have stage clips that hold the specimen Slides in place. The most common Stage iS a mechanical stage, which allows the control of the Slides by moving the Slides using the mechanical Knobs on the Stage instead of moving it manually. e Course Adjustment Knob - This iS used to focus the microscope. It iS alwayS UuSed first, and it is used only with the low power objective. e Fine Adjustment Knob - ThiS Knob is inside the coarse adjustment Knob and is used to bring the specimen into Sharp focuS UNder low power and is used for all focusing when using high power lenses. e Base - Bottom base of the microscope that houses the ilumination & Supports the COmMpoOuUNd microscope. oS SS a SES = eee He remarked that it looked Strangely Similar to cellula or Small rooms which MONKS inhabited, thus deriving the name. Hooke’s description of these cellS was published in Micrographia. The cell walls Observed by Hooke ave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK Year: 16805 (1663) Discovery: The first man to witness a live cell under a microscope was Anton van Leeuwenhoek, described the algae Spirogyra. Van Leeuwenhoek probably alSo Saw bacteria. He deScribed cells in a drop of pond water using a Simple microscope with only one extremely good lens to looK on the blood, insects, and many more. He was describing about the cellS and bacteria. He made hiS own fine guality lens for use in monocular microscope. cee IS SCHLEIDEN Year: 1838 Discovery: He stated that the cell is the basic building block | — of all plants otal because the tissues are composed of cells. An embryonic plant arosefrom a Single cell. THEODOR SCHWANN Year: 1839 Discovery: He stated that the animal and plant cells have different Structures. The animalS and their tissueS are made Of cells. By learning about cells and how they function, we can learn about all types of living things. The Study of the structure and function of cells continues today, in a branch of biology Known as cytology. Advances in equipment, including cytology, microscopes and reagents, have allowed this field to progress, particularly in the clinical setting. 3. What is the importance of knowing the postulates and where can it be applied? By learning about cells and how they function, we can learn about all types of living things. The Study of the structure and function of cells continues today, in a branch of biology Known as cytology. Advances in equipment, including cytology, microscopes and reagents, have allowed this field to Progress, particularly in the clinical setting. CELL THEORY CAN ALSO BE APPLIED Medicine The Wacky History of Cell Theory: https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=40pB ylwH9DU