Understanding Psychological Disorders: Classification, Diagnosis, and Common Types, Exams of Psychology

Download Understanding Psychological Disorders: Classification, Diagnosis, and Common Types and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! General Psychology Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders - Are marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. (APA, 2013) The medical model - Mental illness diagnose on basis of symptoms and treated through therapy. How do we classify and diagnose psychological disorders? - General approach positing that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease or illness. Biological influences - Evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry Psychological influences - Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories. Social-cultural influences - Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 - It Classify & diagnose disorders. American Psychiatric Association - fifth edition Describes disorders and estimates their occurrence. Risk factors of mental disorders. - Poverty, academic failure, birth complications, care giver, pain, illness, substance abuse, trauma, disabilities, family conflict, poor work skill & habits, abuse & neglect, etc. Protective Factors of mental disorders. - Aerobic exercise, economic independence effective parenting, positive attachment & bonding, problem-solving skills, self-esteem, social support, feelings of security, etc. Anxiety disorders - Are marked by distressing, persisting anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Panic Disorder - Person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread and often lives in fear of when the next attack might strike. Panic Attack - Many minutes of intense dread or terror. Chest pains, choking, numbness, or other frightening physical sensations. Patients may feel certain that it's a heart attack. A feeling of a need to escape. Bipolar Disorder - Alternating between the downside of depression and the overexcited state of "mania". Understanding Mood Disorders - -Women's risk of major depression is nearly double that of men's. -Stressful events often precede depression. -Depression is striking earlier. -Genetics - risk increases when family member has a disorder. -Brain Activity - lower levels of activity in DEPRESSION - DECREASED levels of serotonin and norepinephrine; Higher levels of brain activity in MANIA - INCREASED levels of norepinephrine Depression's vicious cycle - -Negative views of self and the world. -Self-defeating beliefs - learned helplessness. -Self-focused rumination. -Depressive explanatory style. Schizophrenia - Psychological disorder characterized by DELUSIONS, HALLUCINATIONS, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. Schizophrenia Symptoms: Problems in thinking & speaking - Delusions. Disorganized speech - including the "word salad" of loosely associated phrases. Problem with selective attention - difficulty filtering thoughts and choosing which thoughts to believe and to say out loud. Delusions - Often bizarre and not just mistaken; most common are delusions of grandeur and of persecution. Schizophrenia Symptoms: Disturbed Perceptions - Hallucinations Hallucinations - Perceptual experiences not shared by others. The most common form of Hallucinaions - Hearing voices. Diminished & inappropriate emotions, actions, behavior - Flat Affect Flat Affect - Facial/body expression is "flat" with no visible emotional content. Acute Schizophrenia - reactive schizophrenia - Form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods. Chronic Schizophrenia - process schizophrenia - Symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten. GENETIC & RISKS of Schizophrenia - 1 in 100 being diagnosed. 1 in 10 for those with diagnosed family member. Brain abnormalities. Prenatal environment. DID - DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER - Formally multiple personality disorder. Rare dissociative disorder in which person exhibits two or more distinct alternating personalities. Personality disorders - Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. This disorder forms three cluster, characterized by anxiety, eccentric or odd behaviors, and dramatic or impulsive behavior. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - NOT MEAN SHY. Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; impulsive fearless, irresponsible; some genetic tendencies, including low arousal. Anorexia nervosa - Person - usually an adolescent female - maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly under weight. Bulmia nervosa - Person alternates binge eating - usually of high calories foods - with purging - by vomiting or laxative - , fasting, or excessive exercise. Binge Eating Disoder - Significantly binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulmia nervosa.