Urban Geography and Demographic Transition Models, Lecture notes of Human Geography

Download Urban Geography and Demographic Transition Models and more Lecture notes Human Geography in PDF only on Docsity! Geography Models Preparing for the AP Human Geography Exam Exam Overview AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY EXAM: 2 HOURS 15 MINUTES The AP Human Geography Exam requires students to explain and apply key and supporting geographical concepts. The exam employs multiple-chaice questions and free-response questions based on components of the seven major curriculum topics. Students must be able to define, explain, and apply geographical concepts and interpret geographical data. Format of Assessment Section |: Multiple Chaice | 75 Questions | 60 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score + Define, explain, and apply geographic concepts « Interpret geographic data 15 minute break ; : Section ll: Free Response | 3 Questions | 75 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score « Questions may require that students: eo Synthesize different topical areas o Analyze and evaluate geographical concepts o Supply appropriately selected and well-explained real-world examples to illustrate geographic concepts o Interpret verbal descriptions, maps, graphs, photographs, and/or diagrams « Formulate responses in narrative form  rT ( TLaR «o£ 4H Ogee NS © Method: Each previous AP Human hy FRQ was picked over for the types of verb prompts that were used. Tallies ee each topic and their verb oe are found bo. pa "A" of the FRQ ed bl ree examples, then three were tallied to the total. If “Identify and explain was = é . then it is placed in the "high-order" category and "identify" family. * 60 < : ||| =e 5 30 are in 4 x “Identify” family. 8 Verb Prompt "Fai Wi identify "Discuss | fj Explain GE Name |M List MB Apply ‘Mi Example (Not 10 A < Ase Sx *Note that some FRQ questions cross units, however general themes were placed where listed in the AP. course curriculum.  Readers are looking for you to follow the verbs  explain, discuss, compare/contrast…DO IT!  discuss, define, identify = 1 point  explain = 2 points  don’t assume readers know what you’re talking about Yeses and Nos  Yes think geographically  No opening or closing paragraphs  No big vocab  Yes rephrase the question  No bullet forms  Yes give more, even bad info…you may stumble into points  No don’t give wrong info Maps and crap  Place is not fully necessary (how much map-labelling did we do this semester?)  Countries with superlatives are important  richest, poorest, HIV, war-torn, water rights, pollution, birth/death rates, literacy rates, blah  Where to go tomorrow??  Room next to Mrs. Rue’s – 8am Models, Models, Models Let’s review them all! Location Theory  Distance Decay and Friction of Distance  Predicting where something should be located  This can be on the local, regional, national or global scale  von Thünen looked at locations of primary industries, but secondary industries locations are more complicated  Secondary industry locations include human behaviors and decision making – political, cultural, economic factors  Profit is the primary motivator  Variable Costs – energy, transport, labor and others Weber’s Least Cost Theory – 3 primary factors of location (to minimize costs)  Transportation – the lowest possible costs in moving raw materials to the factory and the finished product to market  Labor – this reduces profits, therefore owners may want to move farther from raw materials and markets  Agglomeration – like industries clustering in the same area(s) can reduce costs. Existing infrastructure (transport, phones, water, buildings, etc.)  Deglomeration – what happens when too much agglomeration takes place?  Other Factors – political stability, cheap energy, local receptiveness (locating a prison), taxation (exemptions), free land, climate (LA and film industry), local mores (brewery, sex shops, etc.), owner’s local connections to area Hotelling’s Model http://www.answers.com/topic/hotelling-model  Concept of Locational Interdependence  Suppose there is a beach a mile long  There are two ice cream vendors  Where would they locate on the beach to maximize their sales? Transport Modes (or media) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/Translab/ClimateActionTeam/equivalent-ghg-emission-standards.html  Get your handouts  Which mode of transport is each letter?  Advantages and Disadvantages of Truck  What is best transported by truck  Advantages and Disadvantages of Train  What is best transported by train?  Advantages and Disadvantages of Ship  What is best transported by ship?  Advantages and disadvantages of air?  What is best transported by air? Rostow’s Modernization Model Sometimes called the Ladder of Development • Liberalist Model • What did the world look like when Rostow wrote this in 1960? • For hint – see map pages 250-251 • What else does this model remind us of:  1. Organic Theory  2. 5 Economic Sectors  3. Demographic Transition • Eurocentric and Americentric • Doesn’t account for regional differences within a country • Doesn’t account for cultural differences within a country • Doesn’t account for one-commodity economies • Neo-colonialism • Major bias that all economies will grow the same way developed countries grew • Rostow believed all countries would grow in an orderly fashion like Japan and Europe and the US did http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/unit-6-vocabulary/deck/5285919 • Structuralist Model • Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit development possibilities • Example – colonialism created… • Dependent relationships between mother country and the occupied country • These relationships sustain prosperity of the core country and poverty of the periphery country • Gives rise to NEOCOLONIALISM in the 1970s, 80s and on to the present Dependency Theory – pp. 306-08 Geopolitics – pp. 245-48  Relationship between geography, power, politics and international relations  German School – explain why states are powerful and how to become powerful  British/American School – strategic advice to explain why states act like they do  Post WWII Organic Theory – p. 245  Ratzel (1844-1904)  State is like a biological organism  Birth, maturity, decline and death  Needs nourishment. What do you think the state’s “nourishment” is?  Territory is the life-giving force – without it, the state will atrophy  Lebensraum Heartland Theory – p. 246  Mackinder – Heartland Theory, 1904  “World Island” – control this and one can control the world  Rise of the USSR Mackinder’s Heartland Theory and Spykman’s Rimland Theory Heartland Theory: Mackinder believed that a land-based power, not a sea-based power, would ultimately rule the world. He believed that Eurasia was the most important area in the world containing a “pivot area” extending from Eastern Europe to eastern Siberia. The “pivot area” became known as the Heartland. Who rules East Europe rules the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island. Who rules the World Island rules the World. Rimland Theory Spykman believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power. He parodied Mackinder: Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia Who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world. Spykman saw a divided rimland as a key to the world’s balance of power. Today the rimland includes Western Europe and China Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. Ok, pour out your crackers onto your paper towel and start hypothesizing as Christaller did. http://myfundi.co.za/e/Settlements_II:_Rural_settlements&usg Arrangement and Spacing of Urban Places  Circular shapes resulted in unserved or overlapped areas  Hexagons had no gaps or overlaps  This suggests an inverse relationship of higher order and lower order settlements (towns and cities)  Theoretically, settlements will be equidistant from each other  In other words, big towns/cities are farther apart from each other  Why? Demographic Transition http://envirosci.net/1 1 1/population/demographic_phases.jpg Examples: Examples: the El Examples: Under developed and USs., Molo and other very developing countries (i.e. 3rd world) W. Europe, Few examples: primitive tribes. such as Mexico, Kenya, and the like. Japan etc. Sweden, France ? Now, let’s apply the model Questions for the DTM Stage Descriptor Billy loses his job as a grave digger Parents start to think more about family planning Children are warmer in bed at night because they have more brothers and sisters There are more Golden Anniversaries Large percentage of women never have a child A mother sobs over the grave of her last six children who died in a typhoid epidemic A lot more houses are being built The Public Health Inspector smiles as the building of sewers are completed Fewer children share a bedroom Grandparents are very rare There are no brothers/sisters, no aunts/uncles, no cousins omparing us and Bboserup (and NeoMalthusians) Food “BMialthusiamn Catastrophe” Population tip://www.slideshare.net/Intrullin/understanding-population-pyramids gC! MP _| MAS ACRE” BUNT WR Fb WAL ORS INSET a “Population Pyramids. ‘ef POH ay e o there 2 are, ifired basic shapes... ‘ Py Ry rs ce ene Be p Saf, “f A wg < ‘g Re Ss RE ; WM, ‘ ms eSiPl> Tod, Sa OH Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borchert's_Epochs  Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), low and slow tech  Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks  Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network  Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine  Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?). Also called the High-Technology Epoch ¢ linear dispersion along trans- shipment points | linear dispersion along major interior rail nodes at waterways '* urban centers connected to centers in the periphery based on amenity resources Jake; sea; 4 river the national markets + Chicago il centers «dispersed in western and * Dallas regard to water southern US periphery to * San sites access natual resources Francisco © major new metropolitan rouliasta Hoyt Sector Model  Late 1930s  Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model  Hoyt said growth created pie- shaped urban structure  Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city)  Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated  Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.) Multiple Nuclei  1940s  Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance  CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of ‘nuclei’  Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions  Nuclei are disconnected and do not necessarily rely on each other Urban Realms Model www.csiss.org  Vance and Hartshorne  1980s  Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles  Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei New Urbanism  Looks to re-capture the ideal of community  Multi-use zoning to maximize efficient living  Less use of fossil fuels for transit = less carbon emissions  Mixed social classes  Reduce commute times, shopping time (who in here travels the farthest to school each day?)  Creates an atmosphere where the group is connected and larger society is considered New Urbanism According to Dan Burden  Rejects that we build cities and neighborhoods for cars…  Build cities for the use of people  If transportation is built, it must add value to everything around it  Low-speed streets  Many younger folks are choosing a place first – then a job.  To hold onto jobs today, we must “build place”  Places must be walkable and bikeable with low car dependency for users  Places must be mixed use with people living downtown. People who live there have a stake in what happens there. , httos://docs.google.com/a/russellvilleschoo Is.net/presentation/d/19GW35hYkk 7ilfiW 9xAEz/PJ48s47x1 PU JhstNH2Om@/embe d?hl=en&size=s#slide=id.p33 World City Models GEE colonia! cBD (__) Traditional cBD QM Market Zone ——__ Major road ———__ Local street QUESTIONS? The Demographic Transition THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL STAGE ONE } STAGE TWO (Pre-Madern) i (Urbanizing! Industrializing) STAGE THREE | STAGE FOUR (Mature Industrial jPost Industrial s g = ~ = = S = a7 = tu 3 EE — a a oS - a S z : = E 2 s Total Population —_— : C2) ) ) == Demographic Transition Examples of Countries and Regions of each stage of demographic transition: Stage One: None Stage Two: Sub-saharan Africa Nigeria, Sierra Leon, Cape Verde Stage Three: East Asia, Latin America, Middle East China, Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Chile Stage Four: Western Europe United Kingdon, Demnark Malthus’ Principal of Population as It affects the future —— Population 1750 1850 2000 Malthus’ Theory of Population and Food Growth Over Time a increase on left axis Malthus’ Principal of Population as it affects the future What Malthus said: • population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically • according to Malthus, these growth rates would produce the following relationships between food and people in the future: • Today 1 person, 1 unit of food • 25 years from now 2 persons, 2 units of food • 50 years from now 4 persons, 3 units of food • 75 years from now 8 persons, 4 units of food • 100 years from now 16 persons, 5 units of food • these predictions were made just after England became the first country to enter stage 2 of Demographic Transition Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory Definition: Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present. Core- Countries with strong economies with large economic productivity, high per capita GDP. Seen as the MDCs of the world Semi-periphery- The newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China and Indonesia. They offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor. Periphery- Countries that have low levels of economic productivity, low per capita incomes and generally low standards of living. They world economic periphery includes Africa (not S. Africa), parts of S. America and Asia Concentric Zone Model Definition: A city grows outward from a central city in a series of concentric rings. The rings denote different classes of people. 1st is the CBD 2nd is the zone of transition containing industry and poorer houses 3rd is the working-class zone containing modest homes with working class families 4th is the middle class with newer spacious homes 5th is the commuter zone Sector Model Definition: The city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge from the center. Many areas are more attractive for various activities. Social classes are found in sectors of a city, not in the rings from the inside out.