Geology Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Geology

Download Geology Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Geology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What does brittle vs ductile behavior depend on? DEFINITION 1 static stress the more static stress the more ductile behavior TERM 2 Rock layers, faults, and other features are inclined with DEFINITION 2 -respect to the ground surface -in order to understand them we need to have some means of describing their orientaiton TERM 3 The line of intersection on the horizontal plane is : DEFINITION 3 horizontal TERM 4 Angle of inclination is the angle : DEFINITION 4 down from the horizontal TERM 5 If we make the horizontal plane and inclined feature we: DEFINITION 5 have a system for defining the orientation of geologic features TERM 6 Measuring strike and dip DEFINITION 6 -angular measures- horizontal and vertical TERM 7 How can we describe faults orientation DEFINITION 7 using strike and dip TERM 8 Where are thrust faults common? DEFINITION 8 Appalachain Mountains TERM 9 Normal faults occur DEFINITION 9 divergent boundaries TERM 10 strike-slip faults occur at DEFINITION 10 transform boundaries TERM 21 What happens after an orogeny ceases? DEFINITION 21 -erosion may eventually bevel the land surfface almost back to sea level; -mountain ranges we see today are comparitively young TERM 22 Earths present day mountainous topography DEFINITION 22 didn't exist before the cretaceious period TERM 23 What defines the location of an ancient orogen? DEFINITION 23 a belt of deformed and metamorphosed rocks mountain building contributed to first continental crust TERM 24 Why do orogens form? DEFINITION 24 subduction at convergent plate boundaries, rifting, continental collisions, locally because of motion on transform faults TERM 25 A geologic event is: Example: DEFINITION 25 some "thing" that happens in nature -deposition of sediments -intrusion of igneous bodies -faulting caused by an earthqueake -erosion of rocks at the earths surface TERM 26 What three principles did Niel Stenson (Nicolaus Steno) describe? DEFINITION 26 superposition- in an undisturbed sequence of rocks, the oldest rock is on the bottom and the youngest rock is on the top original horizontality- when rocks are deposited, they form horizontal layers original lateral continuity: when rocks are deposited, they spread out and dont stop abruptly for no reason TERM 27 What was described in the late 18th-19th century? DEFINITION 27 cross-cutting- younger features cut across older features inclusion: fragments of one rock contained with a second rock are older -allow us to sort the events visible in an outcrop TERM 28 Who was william smith? DEFINITION 28 applied first five principles to rocks in southern england developed: biotic succession: the oldest fossils are on the bottom of an undisturbed sequence correlation: rocks in different locations that contain the same fossila formed at the same time produced first geologic map in 1815 TERM 29 What does correlation allow? DEFINITION 29 us to connect widely spaced outcrops correlation between outcrops demonstrates the presence of gaps TERM 30 James Hutton? DEFINITION 30 a scottish geologist that predicted gaps or unconfomities TERM 31 Jurassic is named after DEFINITION 31 The Jura mountains in switzerland TERM 32 Devonian DEFINITION 32 Devonshire, England TERM 33 Absolute time DEFINITION 33 assigning numerical values to geological event TERM 34 Each of these methods suffers from poor or untestable assumptions DEFINITION 34 magnetic field decay idea ignore contrary data molten earth cooling assumes a constant rate with no heat added sedimentation or salinity rates assume constant rates with no recycling or materials adding up peoples lifespans assumes that the given ages are correct and complete record TERM 35 Who discovered radioactivity? DEFINITION 35 Henri Becquerel- accidently placing radiosactive rocks on photographic plates discovered it Ernst rutherfor and Soddy- discovered that radioactive elements change into other elements at a fixed rate Marie and Pierree Curie- isolated radium and discovered it generates its own heat