Necrosis and Apoptosis: Types, Causes, and Characteristics, Exams of Pathophysiology

Download Necrosis and Apoptosis: Types, Causes, and Characteristics and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! GNRS515 - Advanced Pathophysiology - Exam #1 T/F: Non-dividing cells, such as myocardial fibers, are capable of hypertrophy, but not hyperplasia. - True T/F: Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation. - False T/F: Hypertrophy and hyperplasia rarely occur together. - False T/F: A man with a history of smoking has a bronchial biopsy showing that the normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The man is correctly told that this process could be reversed if he quits smoking. - True T/F: Dysplastic changes may be reversible, but more commonly become malignant. - True Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? A. Hyperplasia B. Metaplasia C. Dysplasia D. Anaplasia - B. Metaplasia The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of: A. Compensatory hyperplasia B. Hormonal hyperplasia C. Hormonal anaplasia D. Hormonal dysplasia - B. Hormonal Hyperplasia When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells? A. They divide B. They increase in size C. They increase in number D. They undergo metaplasia - B. They increase in size After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of hormonal: A. Hyperplasia. B. Dysplasia. C. Hypertrophy D. Anaplasia - A. Hyperplasia The abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation is called: A. Dysplasia. B. Pathologic dysplasia C. Hyperplasia B. Liquefactive necrosis What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis? A. Bacteriologic necrosis B. Caseous necrosis C. Liquefactive necrosis D. Gangrenous necrosis - B. Caseous necrosis What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene? A. Coagulative necrosis B. Liquefactive necrosis C. Caseous necrosis D. Gangrene necrosis - B. Liquefactive necrosis What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? A. Hypoxic injury B. Chemical injury C. Infectious injury D. Genetic injury - A. Hypoxic injury Which is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? A. A programmed cell death of scattered, single cells B. Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm C. Has unpredictable patterns of cell death D. Results in benign malignancies - A. A programmed cell death of scattered, single cells All the following are characteristics of apoptosis as compared to necrosis EXCEPT: A. Starts by shrinkage of the cell B. Functions to remove cells so new cells can replace them C. Intracellular enzymes are released into the circulation D. Not associated with surrounding inflammatory reaction - C. Intracellular enzymes are released into the circulation A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing? A. Tumor in differentiation B. Dysplastic C. Cancer in situ D. Cancer beyond (meta) situ - C. Cancer in situ A patient has a tissue growth that was diagnosed as cancer. Which of the following terms best describes this growth? A. Neoplasm B. Lipoma C. Meningioma D. Hypertrophy - A. Neoplasm An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing? A. Autonomy B. Anaplasia C. Pleomorphic D. Metastasis - B. Anaplasia A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? A. Red blood cells B. Apoptotic cells C. Enzymes D. Neurotransmitters - C. Enzymes A 52-year-old male with hepatitis C recently developed hepatic cancer. Which of the following markers should be increased? A. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) B. Catecholamines C. Prostate-specific antigen D. Homovanillic acid - A. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) C. Lung cancer D. Adenocarcinoma of the colon - A. Gastric cancer Which statement indicates the patient has a correct understanding of metastasis? The most common route of metastasis is through the blood vessels and: A. Lung tissue B. Body cavities C. Lymphatics D. Connective tissues - C. Lymphatics A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? A. Pneumonia and lung cancer B. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer C. Prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer D. Hypercholesterolemia and leukemia - B. Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer T/F: Obese people are at greater risk for dehydration than lean people. - True Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people? A. Because adipose cells contain little water B. Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is lower than lean adults C. Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults D. Because their thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively - A. Because adipose cells contain little water Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of: A. osmotic forces B. plasma oncotic pressure C. antidiuretic hormone D. hydrostatic forces - A. osmotic forces How does the body reestablish equilibrium when solute is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic? A. Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space B. Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space C. Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space D. Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space - D. Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure C. Capillary oncotic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure - A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the: A. interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure B. capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure C. interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure - B. capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure? A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure B. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure C. Capillary oncotic pressure D. Interstitial oncotic pressure - C. Capillary oncotic pressure A person reports severe diarrhea for 2 days. The nurse understands this stimulates a: A. reduction in aldosterone secretion B. reduction in renin secretion C. increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion D. increase in natriuretic peptide secretion - C. increase in antidiuretic hormone secretion Which one cause of hypernatremia listed below will manifest an increase in urine output? A. Impaired thirst During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in hydrogen ions in the blood by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? A. Oxygen B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Magnesium - C. Potassium What are causes of hyperkalemia? A. Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition B. Vomiting and diarrhea C. Renal failure and Addison disease D. Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease - C. Renal failure and Addison disease When taking care of a patient with hyperkalemia, which principle is priority? Hyperkalemia causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle. A. Increase; increased B. Decrease; increased C. Increase; decreased D. Decrease; decreased - A. Increase; increased Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? A. Excess aldosterone B. Acute acidosis C. Insulin usage D. Metabolic alkalosis - B. Acute acidosis A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? A. Respiratory acidosis B. Constipation C. Hypoglycemia D. Primary hyperaldosteronism - D. Primary hyperaldosteronism A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe? A.Weak pulse B. Excessive thirst C. Oliguria D. Constipation - C. Oliguria # 5A 24y/o man is found unresponsive on the floor soiled with vomit. He was seen 4 hours prior, and appeared well then pH 7.50/ PaCO2 47/ HCO3 34 A. Respiratory alkalosis with appropriate metabolic compensation B. Mixed metabolic alkalosis and a second disorder of respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis with appropriate respiratory compensation D. Respiratory acidosis and a second disorder of metabolic acidosis - C. Metabolic alkalosis with appropriate respiratory compensation # 6A 24y/o man is found unresponsive on the floor soiled with vomit. He was seen 4 hours prior, and appeared well then pH 7.12/ PaCO2 32/ HCO3 10 A. Respiratory acidosis and a second disorder of metabolic acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis with appropriate metabolic compensation C. Metabolic alkalosis with appropriate respiratory compensation D. Metabolic acidosis and a second disorder of respiratory acidosis - D. Metabolic acidosis and a second disorder of respiratory acidosis # 7A 24y/o man is found unresponsive on the floor soiled with vomit. He was seen 4 hours prior, and appeared well then pH 7.34/ PaCO2 70/ HCO3 34 A. Metabolic acidosis and a second disorder of respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory acidosis and a second disorder of metabolic alkalosis C. Metabolic alkalosis with appropriate respiratory compensation D. Mixed metabolic alkalosis and a second disorder of respiratory acidosis - B. Respiratory acidosis and a second disorder of metabolic alkalosis pH 7.32 PaCO2 28 HCO3- 14 Na+ 140 Cl- 116 A. CGATACGT B. TAGCCTAG C. TUGCCTUG D. UAGCCUAG - B. TAGCCTAG A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing? A. Termination B. Transcription C. Translocation D. Translation - D. Translation When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme is most important? A. RNA polymerase B. Transfer RNA C. Messenger RNA D. DNA polymerase - D. DNA polymerase Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? A. Base pair substitutions B. Silent mutations C. Intron mutations D. Frameshift mutations - D. Frameshift mutations Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence and thus have no consequence are termed _____ mutations. A. Frameshift B. Spontaneous C. Silent D. Missense - C. Silent When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, which of the following occurs? A. Neurofibromatosis B. Nondisjunction C. Polyploidy D. Conjoined twins - B. Nondisjunction A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? A. Biploidy B. Triploidy C. Tetraploidy D. Aneuploidy - C. Tetraploidy After a geneticist talks to the patient about being a chromosomal mosaic, the patient asks the nurse what that means. How should the nurse respond? You may _____ genetic disease(s). A. only be a carrier of the B. have a mild form of the C. have two D. be sterile as a result of the - B. have a mild form of the The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? A. Paternal nondisjunction B. Maternal translocations C. Maternal nondisjunction D. Paternal translocations - C. Maternal nondisjunction A patient wants to know the risk factors for down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? A. Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus B. Increased paternal age C. Family history of Down syndrome D. Pregnancy in women over age 35 - D. Pregnancy in women over age 35 An XXY person asks the nurse what this genetic disorder is called. What is the nurse's best response? This disorder is _____ syndrome. A. Turner B. Klinefelter C. Down A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father? A. bb B. Bb C. BB D. Bbb - B. Bb A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of: A. X inactivation B. Genomic imprinting C. Consanguinity D. Obligate carriers - C. Consanguinity A normal male and a female carrier for red-green color blindness mate. Given that red-green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait, what is the likelihood of their children being affected? A. 25% B. 50% C. Females most affected; no males affected D. Males most affected; no females affected - D. Males most affected; no females affected A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: A. Penetrance B. Recurrence risk C. Expressivity D. Delayed age of onset - D. Delayed age of onset Which of the following disorders is manifested primarily in males? A. Cystic fibrosis B. Neurofibromatosis C. Muscular dystrophy D. Down syndrome - C. Muscular dystrophy