Understanding Skin Lesions and Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Personal Health

Download Understanding Skin Lesions and Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Personal Health in PDF only on Docsity! Gnu 238 Foundations Exam 2 Questions and Complete Solution. Pruritus - • Itching Cyanosis - • Bluish-gray discoloration of skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood • Look at fingers and the mouth Ecchymosis - • Discoloration of skin or a mucous membrane caused by leakage of blood into the subcutaneous tissue; can also be a bruise • Vascular Skin Lesion Erythema - • Redness (of the skin) Jaundice - • A yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membrane, and sclera • Liver disease or failure Pallor - • Pale skin color that may appear white (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 103) Petechial - • Tiny, flat purple or red spots on the surface of the skin resulting from minute hemorrhages within the dermal or submucosal layers • Vascular Skin Lesion Clubbing - • Broadening and thickening of the fingernails or toenails associated with an increased angle of the nail greater than 180 degrees; associated with chronic hypoxia Leukonychia - • White spots on the nail plate; usually caused by minor trauma or manipulation of the cuticle (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 107) Primary lesion - • Expected variations of the skin • Includes moles, freckles, patches, and comedowns (acne) among adolescents and young adults (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 109) Macule - • Flat, circumscribed lesion of the skin or mucous membrane that is 1 cm or less in diameter • Freckles, flat moles (nevi) • Primary Skin Lesion Papule - • Solid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion 1 cm or less in diameter • Cherry anima, skin tags, elevated mole • Primary Skin Lesion Plaque - • Solid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion more than 1 cm in diameter • Primary Skin Lesion Wheal - • Elevated, solid, transient lesion; often irregularly shaped but well demarcated; an edematous response • Insect bites, allergic reaction, Lupus erythematosus • Primary Skin Lesion Nodule - • Solid skin elevation that extends into the dermal layer and that is 1 to 2 cm in diameter. • Melanoma, erythema nod sum, lipomas • Primary Skin Lesion Tumor - • Solid skin elevation that extends into the dermal layer and is more than 1 cm in diameter • Neoplasms, lipoma, hemangioma • Primary Skin Lesion Bulla - • Elevated, circumscribed, fluid-filled lesion greater than 1 cm in diameter • Blister, pemphigus, vulgaris, impetigo, drug reaction • Primary Skin Lesion Pustule - • Vesicle or bulla that contains pus • Caused by group A streptococcus and transmitted by contact • Most prevalent in children, especially individuals living in crowded conditions with poor sanitation; highest incidence in hot, humid climate • Appears as an erythematous macule that becomes a vesicle or bulla and finally a honey-colored crust after the vesicles or bullae rupture • Lesions commonly occur on the face around the nose and mouth (other areas can be involved as well) (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 125) Abscess - • Also known as furuncle and/or boil • Localized bacterial lesion caused by staphylococcal pathogen • Often develop from folliculitis • Initially a nodule surrounded by erythema and edema progressing to a pustule • Center (or core) fills with sanguineous purulent exudate • Ski around furuncle is red, hot, and extremely tender (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 126) Scabies - • Highly contagious infestation associated with mite Sarcoptes scabies; female mite burrows into superficial layer of skin and lays eggs • Transmission usually skin-to-skin contact • Hallmark is severe pruritus • Lesions are small papules, vesicles, and burrows that result from the mite entering the skin to lay eggs; burrows appear short, irregular marks • Areas most commonly affected include hands, wrists, axillae, genitalia, and inner aspects of the thigh (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 126) Basal cell carcinoma - • Type of skin cancer predominantly afflicting light-skinned individuals between ages 40 and 80 • Locally invasive and rarely metastasizes • Usually appears as a nodular pigmented lesion with depressed centers and rolled borders; some cases center is ulcerated • Usually found in areas that have repeated sun or ultraviolet light exposure (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 127) Squamous cell carcinoma - • Second most frequent form of skin cancer; invasive and appearing on areas with excessive sun or ultraviolet light exposure • Initially appears red, scaly patch with sharply demarcated border that over time develops as soft, mobile, and slightly elevated • As the tumor matures, a central ulcer may form with surrounding redness (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 127) Malignant Melanoma - • Most serious form of skin cancer • Responsible for a large majority of skin cancer-related deaths • Caused by malignant proliferation of pigmented cells (melanocytes) typically arising from already present nevi • Mnemonic ABCDEF used to remember classic manifestations: - o A - Asymmetry o B - Border irregularity o C - Color variation o D - Diameter greater than 6 mm o E - Elevation (recent change from a flat to raised lesion) - Can also be evolution = looks different from other moles; changes in size or color o F - Feeling (a reported sensation of itching, tingling, or stinging within the lesion) • May have flaking or scaly texture with range of color and/or mixed pigmentation (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 127) Kaposi's sarcoma - • Malignancy that develops in connective tissues such as cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or fibrous tissues • Affects those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and those who have drug-induced immunosuppression • Lesions initially appear on the lower extremities and are characterized by dark blue- purple macules, papules, nodules, and plaque • Lesions eventually spread all over the body, particularly the trunk, arms, neck, face, and oral mucosa • Symptoms include pain and pruritus to the lesions. (Wilson & Giddens, 2017, p. 127-128) Pediculosis - • Also known as lice • Invades the scalp, body, or pubic hair regions • Lice on the body are called pediculosis corpora’s while pubic lice are called pediculosis pubis • Lice infestations are spread most commonly by close person-to-person contact • Eggs (nits) are visible as small, white particles at the base of the hair shaft; underlying skin may appear red and excoriated (Wil son & Giddens, 2017, p. 129) Hirsutism - • Excessive body hair, usually in a masculine distribution Approximated - • Edges of a wound brought together to help heal Chronic wound - • A wound that fails to progress to healing in a timely manner, often remaining open for an extended period of time Colonized wound - • A wound in which one or more organisms are present on the surface of the wound when a swab culture is obtained but there is no overt sign of an infection in the tissue below the surface Clean wound - • A wound in which there is no infection and the risk for development of an infection is low Contaminated wound - • A wound with bacteria present resulting from trauma, a break in sterile technique during surgery or spillage of bowel contents or other bacteria-laden material during surgery Infected Wound - • Clinical signs of infection, redness, warmth, increased drainage Debridement - • The removal of necrotic tissue Hordeolum - Infection of a sebaceous gland at the margin of the eyelid. Hordeolum is most often caused by staphylococcus bacteria. Conjunctivitis - Inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. (the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye). Conjunctivitis can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection that reaches the eye. Strabismus - Condition in which the eyes are not directed at the same object or point. An eye that moves to focus after being uncovered indicates strabismus. Cataract - Opacity of the crystalline lens of the eyes. Cataracts prevent inspection of the optic disc because the light cannot penetrate the opacity of the lens. Diabetic retinopathy - Swelling manifested in the area of the retina called the macula. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of vision loss among diabetic patient. Acute otitis media - When the area behind the eardrum called the middle ear becomes inflamed and infected. AOM is a painful ear infection that is often detected in infants because of intense fits of fussiness. Conductive hearing loss - Occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane, or middle ear. Patients with conductive hearing loss have bone conduction longer than air conduction. Sensorineural hearing loss - A type of hearing loss (or deafness), in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ. Patients with sensorineural hearing loss have air conduction longer than bone conduction. cerumen - Waxy secretion of the glands of the external acoustic meatus; earwax. If an excess amount of cerumen is excreted, it can cause an ear infection. Epistaxis - Bleeding from the nose. Epistaxis is considered an acute hemorrhage. Candidiasis - A fungal infection due to any type of Candida (yeast). Signs and Symptoms of candidiasis include white patches on the tongue, mouth or throat. Cluster Headaches - A series of relatively short but extremely painful headaches every day for weeks or months at a time. Cluster headaches tend to have a seasonal nature, and during that season they are considered chronic. Migraine headaches - Recurring headache causing moderate to severe pain usually throbbing on one side of your head. Migraine headaches can last up to 72 hours and have signs and symptoms such as nausea, or vomiting. Tension headaches - The most common type of headache that is usually manifested bilaterally and may be confined to the frontal, temporal, parietal or occipital area. Patients describe tension headaches as a tight band around their head. Hyperthyroidism - Occurs when your thyroid gland produces an excess amount of the Thyroxine hormone. Hyperthyroidism accelerates your body's metabolism. Hypothyroidism - An underactive thyroid gland, in which it does not make enough of the necessary hormones. Patients who have hypothyroidism have too little thyroid hormone in their blood. PERRLA - Assessment technique for the eyes. PERRLA stands for Pupils are Equal and Round and React to Light and Accommodation. Accommodation - The adjustment of the eye to variations in distance. Accommodation is difficult for the eye to do for patients who are near-sighted. Test = Snellen Chart Consensual reaction - The constriction of the iris and pupil of one eye when a light is shone in the opposite eye. A consensual reaction is any reflex observed one on side where the opposite side is stimulated. Test = Hirschberg - penlight Peripheral Vision (Confrontation) - - Both of you cover one eye and hold a pencil out until both of you see it then move in 4 directions Superior, inferior, temporally like coming from behind head, nasally medially into field of vision Tympanic Membrane - A membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. The tympanic membrane forms the eardrum. Deviated Septum - Tissue is swollen. May effect nasal respiration or insertion of nasal tube Perforated Septum - hole in septum Tonsil Grading Scale - 1 = visible 2 = halfway between tonsils pillars and uvula 3 = nearly touching uvula 4 touching one another Allergy Rhinitis - o Outpouching of turbinate. More red and darker Cold Rhinitis - o Turbinate is inflamed. Bumps with sticky secretion, Infection pulling of secretions Lymph Nodes - o Oval clumps in the lymph tissue. Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes and antibodies that serve as a defense against infection and abnormal cells o Palpable = Soft mobile, contender, and bilaterally equal *Cranial Nerve 1 - Olfactory nerve = Responsible for sensation of smell. *Cranial Nerve II - Optic nerve = Sensation of vision - near, far, peripheral vision *Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor nerve = Controls four of the six eye muscles and the eyelid muscle. Parasympathetic control of the lens and pupil.