Economic Terms and Concepts in Regional Alliances and Economic Geography, Quizzes of Geography

Download Economic Terms and Concepts in Regional Alliances and Economic Geography and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 population geography DEFINITION 1 Population geography is a division of human geography. It is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. TERM 2 Demography DEFINITION 2 Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space. TERM 3 Demographic Transition Model DEFINITION 3 Demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. It is based on the western experience. does not fit every society.The three key components to pay attention to in the Demographic Transition Model are:Birth RatesDeath RatesTotal Population TERM 4 Stage A of DTM DEFINITION 4 Both high birth rates and death rates fluctuate in the first stage of the population model giving a small population growth TERM 5 Stage B of DTM DEFINITION 5 Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly causing a high population growth TERM 6 Stage C of DTM DEFINITION 6 Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall. The total population begins to peak and the population increase slows to a constant. TERM 7 Stage D of DTM DEFINITION 7 Both birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics of illnesses and disease. This results in a steady population. TERM 8 Stage E? of DTM DEFINITION 8 A stage 5 was not originally thought of as part of the DTM, but some northern countries are now reaching the stage where total population is declining where birth rates have dropped below death rates. TERM 9 POPULATION STRUCTURE DEFINITION 9 The population pyramid displays the age and sex structure of a country or given area Usually, but not always, in % to make for easier comparisons between countries there are cohorts of OLD DEPENDANTS, ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE, and YOUNG DEPENDANTS Population inFive YearAge bands The overall shape of the population pyramid can indicate whether it is an Economically More Developed Country or Economically Less Developed Country TERM 10 slope in pop. pyramid DEFINITION 10 indicates the death rate. the steeper the side the lower the death rate. TERM 21 Dependency Ratio DEFINITION 21 In economics, geography and demography the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). TERM 22 Rate of Natural Increase DEFINITION 22 In demographics, the rate of natural increase is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. means that immigration and emigration are not included. TERM 23 Doubling Time DEFINITION 23 The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things that tend to grow over time. TERM 24 J-Curve DEFINITION 24 The term J curve is used in several different fields to refer to a variety of unrelated J-shaped diagrams where a curve initially falls, but then rises to higher than the starting point. Earths pop. is a j-curve TERM 25 the demographic equation DEFINITION 25 The combination of of natural change and net migration TERM 1 population geography DEFINITION 1 Population geography is a division of human geography. It is the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places. TERM 2 Demography DEFINITION 2 Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space. TERM 3 Demographic Transition Model DEFINITION 3 Demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. It is based on the western experience. does not fit every society.The three key components to pay attention to in the Demographic Transition Model are:Birth RatesDeath RatesTotal Population TERM 4 Stage A of DTM DEFINITION 4 Both high birth rates and death rates fluctuate in the first stage of the population model giving a small population growth TERM 5 Stage B of DTM DEFINITION 5 Birth rates remain high, but death rates fall rapidly causing a high population growth TERM 6 Stage C of DTM DEFINITION 6 Birth rates now fall rapidly while death rates continue to fall. The total population begins to peak and the population increase slows to a constant. TERM 7 Stage D of DTM DEFINITION 7 Both birth rates and death rates remain low, fluctuating with 'baby booms' and epidemics of illnesses and disease. This results in a steady population. TERM 8 Stage E? of DTM DEFINITION 8 A stage 5 was not originally thought of as part of the DTM, but some northern countries are now reaching the stage where total population is declining where birth rates have dropped below death rates. TERM 9 POPULATION STRUCTURE DEFINITION 9 The population pyramid displays the age and sex structure of a country or given area Usually, but not always, in % to make for easier comparisons between countries there are cohorts of OLD DEPENDANTS, ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE, and YOUNG DEPENDANTS Population inFive YearAge bands The overall shape of the population pyramid can indicate whether it is an Economically More Developed Country or Economically Less Developed Country TERM 10 slope in pop. pyramid DEFINITION 10 indicates the death rate. the steeper the side the lower the death rate. TERM 21 Dependency Ratio DEFINITION 21 In economics, geography and demography the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). TERM 22 Rate of Natural Increase DEFINITION 22 In demographics, the rate of natural increase is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. means that immigration and emigration are not included. TERM 23 Doubling Time DEFINITION 23 The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value. It is applied to population growth, inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods, compound interest, the volume of malignant tumours, and many other things that tend to grow over time. TERM 24 J-Curve DEFINITION 24 The term J curve is used in several different fields to refer to a variety of unrelated J-shaped diagrams where a curve initially falls, but then rises to higher than the starting point. Earths pop. is a j-curve TERM 25 the demographic equation DEFINITION 25 The combination of of natural change and net migration TERM 26 ecumene/nonecumene DEFINITION 26 Ecumene is a term originally used in the Greco-Roman world to refer to the inhabited universe (or at least the known part of it). The inhabited areas of the earths surface.Nonecumene uninhabited or very sparsely occupied zone, TERM 27 population density DEFINITION 27 a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. It is a key geographic term. TERM 28 crude density DEFINITION 28 Crude population density determines the number of people residing in a per unit area.also called arithmetic density TERM 29 physiological density DEFINITION 29 The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land. TERM 30 agricultural density DEFINITION 30 Agricultural density: The total rural population / area of arable land. TERM 31 overpopulation DEFINITION 31 Overpopulation occurs when a population of a species exceeds the carrying capacity of its ecological niche. TERM 32 carrying capacity DEFINITION 32 The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment. TERM 33 population projection DEFINITION 33 Population projection, in the field of demography, is an estimate of a future population. In contrast with intercensal estimates and censuses, which usually involve some sort of field data gathering, projections usually involve mathematical models based only on pre-existing data may be made by a governmental organization, or by those unaffiliated with a government. TERM 34 Thomas Malthus DEFINITION 34 the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice. he was a demographer. TERM 35 homeostatic plateau DEFINITION 35 relatively stable state of equilibrium, to the balance between population numbers and resources. (carrying capacity) TERM 46 Stages of innovation acceptance DEFINITION 46 First acceptance takes place at a slow steady rate.Second rapid growth in acceptance and the trait spreads rapidlyfashion or dance fadneighborhood effectThird slower growth and acceptance of innovationFourth - Maturation TERM 47 Susceptibility to an innovation DEFINITION 47 More crucial when world communications are rapid and pervasive Friction of distance is almost meaningless Must evaluate and explain on a region-by-region basis Inhabitants of two regions will not respond identically to an innovation Geographers seek to understand spatial variation in receptiveness TERM 48 Barriers to diffusion DEFINITION 48 Absorbing barriers completely halt diffusion.Can be political, economic, cultural, technologicalMore commonly barriers are permeable, allowing part of the innovation wave to diffuse, but acting to weaken and retard the continued spread. TERM 49 Expansion diffusion DEFINITION 49 Culture/Ideas spread throughout a population from area to area. TERM 50 Hierarchical diffusion DEFINITION 50 ideas leapfrog from one node to another temporarily bypassing some TERM 51 Contagious diffusion DEFINITION 51 wavelike, like disease TERM 52 Stimulus diffusion DEFINITION 52 specific trait rejected, but idea accepted TERM 53 Relocation diffusion DEFINITION 53 occurs when individuals migrate to a new location carrying new ideas or practices with them TERM 54 acculturation DEFINITION 54 is the process by which ones culture group undergoes a major modification adopting many of the characteristics of another usually dominate cultural group TERM 55 amalgamation theory DEFINITION 55 the amalgamation (melting pot) theory states that all ethnic groups should combine their traditions values and characteristics with one another to create a new group. The problem with this theory is that, as great as it sounded, and as logical as it seemed at the time, the notion of all cultures melting together was too much along the lines of assimilation. TERM 56 assimilation DEFINITION 56 Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group. TERM 57 creole DEFINITION 57 A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin. Creoles differ from pidgins because creoles have been nativized by children as their primary language, with the result that they have features of natural languages that are normally missing from pidgins, which are not anyone's first language. TERM 58 cultural ecology DEFINITION 58 Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment. TERM 59 cultural integration DEFINITION 59 the interlocking nature of all aspects of culture. any cultural object or act may have a number of meaningd TERM 60 cultural landscape DEFINITION 60 the earths surface as modified by human action. TERM 71 language family DEFINITION 71 a group of languages thought to have a common origin in a single earlier tongue. TERM 72 lingua franca DEFINITION 72 An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other more-complex languages usually used for quick and efficient communicationA lingua franca also called a bridge language, or vehicular language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between persons not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues. TERM 73 material culture DEFINITION 73 Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. part of folk culture. tangible physical things. TERM 74 nonmaterial culture DEFINITION 74 comprises of mentifacts expressed in oral tradition, folk song, folk story and customary behavior. ways of speech, patterns of workship, outlooks and philosophies TERM 75 pidgin DEFINITION 75 A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. TERM 76 popular culture DEFINITION 76 Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change TERM 77 possibilism DEFINITION 77 Possibilism in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions. TERM 78 race DEFINITION 78 A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristicskinda not real TERM 79 standard language DEFINITION 79 A standard language is a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. TERM 80 syncretism DEFINITION 80 Syncretism is the combining of different, often seemingly contradictory beliefs, while melding practices of various schools of thought. Traditions that borrow from both the past and present TERM 81 toponymy DEFINITION 81 Toponymy is the study of place names, their origins, meanings, use and . TERM 82 tribal religion DEFINITION 82 Ethnic religion may include officially sanctioned and organized civil religions with an organized clergy, but they are characterized in that adherents generally are defined by their ethnicity, and conversion essentially equates to cultural assimilation to the people in question. TERM 83 universalizing religion DEFINITION 83 The world's principal religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups, although this is by no means a uniform practice. TERM 84 Vegetative planting Agricultural Hearth Areas DEFINITION 84 taking an offshoot of original plant and replanting it southeast asia west africa northwestern south america. TERM 85 Seed Agriculture Agricultural Hearth Areas DEFINITION 85 using seeds to grow plants. western India northern China Ethiopia Southern Mexico northwestern South America TERM 96 Centripetal forces DEFINITION 96 unifying factors that bind together the people of the state Nationalism Unifying Institutions Organization & Administration Transportation & Communication TERM 97 Nationalism DEFINITION 97 love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it. uses iconography.Uniting force. TERM 98 Unifying Institutions DEFINITION 98 schools armed forces state church Uniting force. TERM 99 Organization & Administration DEFINITION 99 Provide security fair resource distribution and allocation equal opportunity Uniting force. TERM 100 Transportation & Communication DEFINITION 100 Transportation & Communication networks foster unity. Uniting force. TERM 101 Devolution DEFINITION 101 the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality. decentralization of political control.destabilizing force. TERM 102 Ethnic Cleansing DEFINITION 102 destabilizing force.Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or religious groups from a given territory with the intent of creating a territory inhabited by people of a homogeneous or pure ethnicity, religion, culture, and history. TERM 103 Subnationalism DEFINITION 103 destabilizing force. When many people give their primary allegiance to traditional groups or nations TERM 104 Regionalism DEFINITION 104 destabilizing force. A strong minority group identifying with a regionrather then a state. TERM 105 Nation DEFINITION 105 a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared customs and beliefs. TERM 106 State DEFINITION 106 an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its international and foreign affairs TERM 107 Nation-State DEFINITION 107 An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group. A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation of people, or at least, whose population shares a general sense of cohesion and adherence to a set of common values. Bangladesh Egypt Japan Portugal Poland TERM 108 Multi-National State DEFINITION 108 State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalitiesA multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population. Canada South Africa Thailand United States TERM 109 Part-Nation State DEFINITION 109 a state which is part of a large nation that is constructed though a cultural and or ethnic entity. Arab Nation Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia TERM 110 Stateless Nation DEFINITION 110 an ancient group with a distinctive language, ethnicity, and or culture that do not have a state Cree Nation Basque People Palestinian People Romani People Tibetan People TERM 121 Regional State DEFINITION 121 Grant varying degrees of local administrative control while nationwide concerns are addressed by the state. regional capitals, multiple cores. TERM 122 Unitary State DEFINITION 122 countries with highly centralized governments. most of the worlds countries. capital is strongly associated with its core. TERM 123 Forward-thrust Capital DEFINITION 123 relocated capital associated with being sited in a states frontier zone. TERM 124 Natural Boundaries DEFINITION 124 Those based on recognizable physiographic features such as mountains, rivers and lakes.Visible dividing element Could increase border disputesNatural boundaries may change or be interpreted differently over time States are subjected to a variety of issues: Rivers change course, flood and dry up Glaciers melt Interpretation of documents that define a boundary or how it is delimited Changing shape of lakes Resource use TERM 125 Subsequent Boundary DEFINITION 125 a boundary drawn after the development of the cultural landscape. TERM 126 Antecedent Boundary DEFINITION 126 a boundary that is drawn across an area before it is well populated. TERM 127 Consequent Boundary DEFINITION 127 a boundary drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences. TERM 128 Superimposed Boundary DEFINITION 128 a boundary that is forced upon an existing cultural landscape. TERM 129 Electoral Geography DEFINITION 129 The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections. TERM 130 Gerrymandering DEFINITION 130 the practice of drawing boundaries of legislative districts so as to unfairly favor one political party over another, to fragment voting blocs, or to achieve other nondemocratic objectives TERM 131 Landlocked States DEFINITION 131 Landlocked states HAVE to cooperate with neighboring states for trading purposes Are subjected to a variety of issues: trading restrictions tolls high fees for transport and storage customs lost/damaged goods boarders closed due to war. TERM 132 Resource Disputes DEFINITION 132 Resources are not only natural resources but could be cultural resources Are subjected to a variety of issues: conflicting boarder policies (customs and movement of traditional nomadic groups) disputes over resources located on boarder. claiming necessary resources outside of state boarders TERM 133 Minority Group Identification DEFINITION 133 Typically conflicts occur when nations seek to govern themselvesAre subjected to a variety of issues: Civil wars Wars of liberation International tensions Irredentism: desire to expand the countrys borders TERM 134 Supranationalism DEFINITION 134 Supranationalism a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectivesA supranational union is a type of multi- national organisation where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. TERM 135 United Nations & Agencies DEFINITION 135 Universal organization to promote world peaceSponsors 40 programs and agencies to increaseeconomic and development growth in statesUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) TERM 146 fordism DEFINITION 146 assembly line production of identical commodities by a rigidly controlled and specialized labor force for generalized mass markets TERM 147 foreign direct investment (FDI) DEFINITION 147 the purchase or construction of factories and other fixed asses by TNCs TERM 148 gathering industries DEFINITION 148 - ex fishing and forestry- based on harvesting the natural bounty of renewable resources, through ones in serious danger of depletion through overexploitation TERM 149 green revolution DEFINITION 149 a complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture and designed to bring larger harvests from an area of farmland TERM 150 infastructure DEFINITION 150 -the physical components of a destination, such as hotels, restaurants, roadways, and transportation, that support tourism- externam economies and other services needed to facilitate industrial and other forms of economic development TERM 151 intensive commercial agriculture DEFINITION 151 refers specifically to the production of crops that give high yields and high market value per unit of land TERM 152 intensive subsistence agriculture DEFINITION 152 the cultivation of small land holdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor per acre TERM 153 least-cost theory DEFINITION 153 States that optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization.- based on industrial patterns and economic assessments TERM 154 market (commercial) economy DEFINITION 154 producers and their agents in theory freely market heir goods and services, the laws of supply and demand determine price and quantity, and market competition is the primary force shaping production decisions and distributions TERM 155 maximum sustainable yield DEFINITION 155 the largest volume or rate of use that will not impair its ability to be renewed or to maintain the same future productivity TERM 156 nomadic herding DEFINITION 156 the wandering but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage- most extensive type of land use system TERM 157 offshoring DEFINITION 157 the practice of either hiring foreign workers or contracting with a foreign third party service provider to take over and run particular business processes or operations TERM 158 outsourcing DEFINITION 158 production of parts or products abroad for domestic sale by american manufactures- contracting with other companies TERM 159 planned economy DEFINITION 159 producers or their agents dispose of goods and services through governmental agencies that control both supply and price TERM 160 plantation DEFINITION 160 the introduction of a foreign element into an indigenous culture and economy, often employing an introduced alien labor force TERM 171 basic sector DEFINITION 171 made up of activities of people that bring in money from outside the community TERM 172 central business district (CBD) DEFINITION 172 - locations at the city core- had highest accessibility and were more desirable TERM 173 central city DEFINITION 173 the part of the urban area contained within the suburban ring, usually has official boundaries TERM 174 central place theory DEFINITION 174 made to explain the size and location of settlements TERM 175 city DEFINITION 175 nucleated settlements, multifunctional in character, including an established central business district and both residential and nonresidential land use TERM 176 Concentric Zone Model DEFINITION 176 -city grows in a series of rings- description of five zones, radiating outward from the first, the CBD TERM 177 economic base DEFINITION 177 the activities people do to support the urban population TERM 178 edge city DEFINITION 178 - new outer cities- large nodes of office and retail activities at the margin of an urban area TERM 179 gated community DEFINITION 179 a fenced or walled residential area where access is limited to designated individuals TERM 180 gentrification DEFINITION 180 the rehabilitation of housing in the oldest and now deteriorated inner-city areas of middle- and high- income groups TERM 181 hinterland DEFINITION 181 the area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted TERM 182 megalopolis DEFINITION 182 One metropolitan area blends into another, until supercities are created that can stretch for hundreds of miles. Super city of Boswash on the Eastern Seaboard of the United States that stretches from Boston to Washington, D.C. The term is now used worldwide to describe giant metropolitan regions. Congestion overcrowding, High land prices, Political fragmentation cuz many smaller towns and counties, Problems difficult to solve cuz they are region wide crossing state borders, High population density hundreds of square miles, Concentrations of numerous older cities, Transportation links, Very high proportion of the nations wealth, pp. TERM 183 metropolitan area DEFINITION 183 refers to the large-scale functional entity, perhaps containing several urbanized areas, discontinuously built up but nonetheless operating as an integrated economic whole TERM 184 multiple- nuclei model DEFINITION 184 counters the central assumption of the concentic zone and sector models hat urban growth and development spread outward from a single central core TERM 185 multiplier effect DEFINITION 185 as a city adds a basic sector employment, it will acquire people filling both basic sector and nonbasic sector positions, in addition to their dependents, fueling population growth TERM 196 urban influence zone DEFINITION 196 the areas outside of a city that are still affected by it TERM 197 urbanized area DEFINITION 197 a continuously built-up landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries. A built up area consisting of specific buildings, roads, & other predominantly urban land uses Large Populations High Pop. Density Social Heterogeneity TERM 198 world city DEFINITION 198 standing at the top of national systems of cities are relatively few centers called world cities- control and command centers of global economy TERM 199 Urbanization DEFINITION 199 Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas TERM 200 Inter-Urban Geography DEFINITION 200 (Study of Systems of Cities)- Spatial distribution of towns & cities and the linkages between them TERM 201 Intra-Urban Geography DEFINITION 201 (Study of the City as a System)- Spatial distribution of the internal structures of urban places TERM 202 Trade Off Model of Land Use DEFINITION 202 Rents decrease as distance increases Certain land use types benefit from a more central location TERM 203 Vances Urban Realms DEFINITION 203 Each Urban Realm is shaped by: Terrain Overall city size Amount of economic activity in each realm Internal accessibility of each core Inter-accessibility among realms TERM 204 Whites 21st Century Model DEFINITION 204 Comprised of seven key elements: Core-still key but functions may have changed Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion Pockets of poverty and minorities Elite enclaves Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development Epicentres and corridors