Grammar summary, Lecture notes of English

Download Grammar summary and more Lecture notes English in PDF only on Docsity! 66 Grammar summary Introduction 0.1 Present simple – affirmative I You We They visit Germany every year. He She It visits a We use the present simple to talk about things that happen again and again. I leave school at four o’clock every day. b We also use the present simple to talk about facts that are generally true. Cows eat grass. c Note these spelling rules: 1 With verbs ending in -o, add -es. He goes to school at eight o’clock. 2 With verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -s, -x, or -z, add -es. We pronounce -es as /ɪz/. He teaches English. 3 With verbs ending in -y after a consonant, remove -y and add -ies. He worries a lot. BUT She often plays tennis. 0.2 Present simple – negative I You We They don’t like milk. He She It doesn’t 0.3 Present simple – questions Do I you we they live here? Does he she it Where do you live? 0.4 Present simple – short answers Yes, I you we they do. No, I you we they don’t. he she it does. he she it doesn’t. Do you play football? Yes, I do. (NOT Yes, I play.) Does she go to the cinema every day? No, she doesn’t. (NOT No, she doesn’t go.) 0.5 Present simple and continuous I have a shower at seven o’clock every morning. It’s seven o’clock now. I’m having a shower. We use the present simple to talk about things that happen again and again. We use the present continuous to talk about something that is happening at the moment we speak. 0.6 Present continuous – affirmative I am ’m walking. reading a book. wearing glasses. He She It is ’s We You They are ’re 4765121 PRO4E WB3 Book.indb 66 26/02/2013 12:12 67 We use the present continuous to talk about something that is happening at the moment we speak. For spelling rules of the -ing form, see Grammar Summary 3.1. 0.7 Present continuous – negative I am not ’m not swimming. He She It is not isn’t We You They are not aren’t 0.8 Present continuous – questions Am I listening to the radio? Is he she it Are we you they Why are you laughing? 0.9 Present continuous – short answers Yes, I am. No, I ’m not. he she it is. he she it isn’t. we you they are. we you they aren’t. Is he wearing a hat? Yes, he is. (NOT Yes, he’s.) Are they visiting the school? No, they aren’t. 1 My life 1.1 Past simple: be – affirmative I He She It was at home last night. We You They were 1.2 Past simple: be – negative I He She It was not wasn’t at home last night. We You They were not weren’t 1.3 Past simple: regular verbs – affirmative I He She It We You They opened watched cooked looked visited needed started the door five minutes ago. the football match yesterday. dinner last night. cold this morning. my grandparents on Sunday. help in June. the race at two o’clock. We use the past simple for actions and states which happened at a particular time in the past and are now complete. We often use it with time expressions, such as yesterday, ago, on (+ day), in (+ month / year), and at (+ clock time). 4765121 PRO4E WB3 Book.indb 67 26/02/2013 12:12 70 2.6 going to – negative I ’m not going to go to bed early. He She It isn’t We You They aren’t 2.7 going to – questions Am I going to watch a film tonight? Is he she it Are we you they When are you going to get up? 2.8 going to – short answers Yes, I am. No, I ’m not. he she it is. he she it isn’t. we you they are. we you they aren’t. Are you going to spend all your money? Yes, I am. (NOT Yes, I’m.) Is she going to be a teacher? No, she isn’t. 3 Times and places 3.1 Past continuous – affirmative I He She It was walking home at four o’clock yesterday. We You They were We use the past continuous to say that somebody or something was in the middle of an action or situation at a certain time in the past. It was raining yesterday morning at ten o’clock. We make the past continuous with was / were and the -ing form. Note these spelling rules of the -ing form: 1 With most verbs, add -ing to the base form. sing – singing play – playing carry – carrying 2 With verbs ending in -e, remove -e and add -ing. dance – dancing 3 With verbs ending in a short vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and add -ing. sit – sitting 4 With verbs ending in -ie, remove -ie and add -ying. lie – lying 3.2 Past continuous – negative I He She It was not wasn’t watching TV last night. We You They were not weren’t Grammar summary 4765121 PRO4E WB3 Book.indb 70 26/02/2013 12:12 71 3.3 Past continuous – questions Was I he she it eating breakfast at eight o’clock? Were we you they Why was she smiling at me? What were you looking for? 3.4 Past continuous – short answers Yes, I he she it was. No, I he she it wasn’t. we you they were. we you they weren’t. Were you using the Internet last night? Yes, I was. (NOT Yes, I was using.) Was she playing the violin yesterday? No, she wasn’t. 3.5 Past continuous and past simple We often use the past continuous and the past simple together when a shorter action (past simple) comes in the middle of a longer one (past continuous). While Mrs Jones was shopping, she met her friend. The telephone rang while Tom was having a bath. 4 Cities 4.1 the with place names a With most roads, streets, squares and parks, we don’t use the. on Churchill Road in Oxford Street Trafalgar Square Hyde Park Note this exception: the High Street b With seas, rivers, oceans and canals, we usually use the. across the Mediterranean (sea) the (River) Thames in the Atlantic (ocean) the Suez Canal c With theatres and cinemas, we usually use the. the Playhouse (theatre) the Odeon (cinema) d We use the with all place names with of. the Tower of London the City of London the Bank of England e With most bridges, we don’t use the. Tower Bridge Note these exceptions: the Golden Gate Bridge the Severn Bridge f With possessive forms (’s), we don’t use the. near Nelson’s Column at Durrant’s Hotel 4.2 Definite and indefinite articles: the and a / an Is there a supermarket near here? Yes, there is. Go straight on until you see a bridge. Cross the bridge and turn left. a We use the: 1 when we talk about something again. I had a meal at a Chinese restaurant last week. The meal was good, but the restaurant was very noisy. 2 with superlatives and ordinal numbers. It was the biggest house on the street. Our fat is on the second floor. 3 when there is only one possibility. He wrote a letter to the Prime Minister. (Britain has only one Prime Minister.) b We use a: 1 after There’s … / Is there …? Is there a doctor in the building? There’s a fly in my soup. 2 when we talk about something for the first time. I watched a film last night. When the next word starts with a vowel, we use an: There’s an interesting museum in this town. 4765121 PRO4E WB3 Book.indb 71 26/02/2013 12:12 72 4.3 something, etc. everything something anything nothing everybody somebody anybody nobody We need to buy some food – there‘s nothing in the fridge. Somebody has taken my pen – who was it? Everybody knows that London is the capital of the UK. 4.4 Present continuous for future arrangements We use the present continuous to talk about an arrangement for the future. I’m meeting Joe tomorrow evening. We’re flying to Barbados in July. 5 Experiences 5.1 Present perfect – affirmative I We You They have ’ve climbed a mountain. He She It has ’s a We use the present perfect to talk about experiences in someone’s life, without saying when something happened. We‘ve seen the Tower of London. (NOT We‘ve seen the Tower of London last year.) b To make the present perfect, we use the present simple of the verb to have + a past participle. c To make the past participle, we add -ed to the base form of regular verbs. The past participle has the same spelling and pronunciation rules as the past simple – see Grammar Summary 1.3. d A lot of past participles are irregular. There is no rule to make these past participles. You need to learn the form for each verb. 5.2 Present perfect – negative I We You They have not haven’t read that book. He She It has not hasn’t 5.3 Present perfect – questions Have I we you they been in a film? Has he she it Why have you hidden my keys? 5.4 Present perfect – short answers Yes, I we you they have. No, I we you they haven’t. he she it has. he she it hasn’t. Has he visited France? Yes, he has. (NOT Yes, he has visited.) Have they met the Queen? No, they haven’t. 5.5 Present perfect – ever and never Have you ever played rugby? Yes, I have. But I’ve never played baseball. We can use ever with a question in the present perfect. It means the same as ‘at any time in your life’. Have you ever met a famous person? We can use never with the present perfect. It means the same as ‘at no time in your life’. I live in the USA, but I’ve never eaten pizza! Grammar summary 4765121 PRO4E WB3 Book.indb 72 26/02/2013 12:12