Hallucinogens and Neurotransmitters: A Comprehensive Study, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Hallucinogens and Neurotransmitters: A Comprehensive Study and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Name one hallucinogen that has the phenethylamine "backbone" (i.e. that is similar in structure to the phenthylamine shape) DEFINITION 1 Mescaline TERM 2 Name one substance that is NOT a hallucinogen that has the phethylamine "backbone" (i.e. that is similar in structure to the phenethylamine shape) DEFINITION 2 Norepinephrine TERM 3 Other than "it was an accident", name any one way that the first recorded LSD experience by Dr. Hoffmann was different than his second experience? DEFINITION 3 His first was a smaller dosage so he didn't experience so much intensity that he was frightened like was during part of his second experience TERM 4 In terms of duration of action, rank (LSD, DMT, and mescaline) DEFINITION 4 LSD is longer than mescaline is longer than DMT TERM 5 Describe two ways LSD specifically alters synaptic functioning DEFINITION 5 1. Drives glutamate2. 5-HT2A receptors are increased TERM 6 Concerning the recent experiments on Psilocin (2006 and 2008, done at Johns Hopkins), name one finding or general aspect/feature of the study that caught your attention DEFINITION 6 Most people ranked their experience with psilocin in their top 5 most important life events TERM 7 There are two basic components of Ayahuasca. Briefly describe the role each plays in the effects seen DEFINITION 7 DMT in the plant explains its hallucinatory effect and the other plant material contains an MAOI which allows the DMT to be effective when taken orally because MAO in stomach won't break it down TERM 8 What is the provocative finding concerning hallucinogens and people with schizophrenia? DEFINITION 8 DMT can be detected in urine of schizophrenic patients when their symptoms become worse. This suggests that these patients may be producing some endogenous hallucinogens. TERM 9 Name one of the two neurotransmitter systems that Ketamine and Phencyclidine (PCP, "Angel Dust") effect; and describe specifically how this system is altered DEFINITION 9 It is a sigma opiate receptor agonist which may be responsible for the analgesic effect TERM 10 What specific action of MDMA explains the bonding and empathy seen after taking MDMA? DEFINITION 10 MDMA promotes the release of oxytocin TERM 21 What are the specific sources of psilocin and for mescaline? DEFINITION 21 1. Psilocin: the sacred mushrooms of ancient Central America2. Mescaline: peyote cacti TERM 22 What are the two forms of "ergotism"? DEFINITION 22 1. Gangrenous2. Convulsive TERM 23 Why is LSD considered a "semi-synthetic" hallucinogen? DEFINITION 23 Because one of the principle components of LSD is a natural product from a fungus that grows especially well on rye grain and on other grains and grasses. The particular fungus or "ergot" is Claviveps purport and it contains lysergic acid TERM 24 What are the sources for dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) and bufotenine? DEFINITION 24 Two plants of particular importance for both DMT and bufotenine:1. Anadenanthera peregrina/ Anadenanthera colubrina2. A variety of species of the Virola tree especially Virola theidora Bufotenine is also found in the skin of certain toads among which is the Bufo marines DMT has been isolated in the skin of the toad Bufo alvarius TERM 25 Compare the durations of action for LSD, psilocin and mescaline DEFINITION 25 LSD: 12 hoursPsilocin: 2-4 hoursMescaline: 6 hours TERM 26 Name 4 effects on the Peripheral Nervous System common to LSD, Psilocin, and mescaline DEFINITION 26 1. Increased heart rate2. Dilated pupils3. Restlessness/arousal4. Increased body temperature TERM 27 How does LSD and psilocin specifically alter the Central Nervous System? DEFINITION 27 Seems to stimulate 5-HT2A receptors so 5-HT2A receptors clearly plays essential role in cognitive processingComplex interactions with 5-HT2A include CNS areas:1. Cerebral Cortex2. Thalamus3. Raphe nuclei4. Locus Coeruleus5. VTA TERM 28 Describe at least four general characteristics of the behavioral consequences following LSD use DEFINITION 28 1. Objects are perceived in a distorted way that has been described as a "kaleidoscopic" display of colors and form2. Cross modal experiences like seeing sound and hearing colors3. A strong emotional component which can be intensely positive or negative and can swing in either direction during the experience4. Disintegration of time TERM 29 How are the hallucinations induced by mescaline and psilocin different from those induced by LSD? DEFINITION 29 1. The most distinctive differences are the prominence of color in the hallucinations and that the hallucinations are consistent with actual experiences2. Mescaline does not induce distortions of form or kaleidoscopic experiences TERM 30 Describe the tolerance and withdrawal associated with the use of LSD, mescaline, and psilocin DEFINITION 30 Tolerance:1. Tolerance develops so rapidly to LSD that within a few days of repeated doses, the initial dose is ineffective. However, that tolerance will disappear as quickly as it takes to develop and a few days of abstinence will return the effectiveness of the initial dose2. While it is not certain that mescaline and psilocin share this characteristic with LSD, there is a robust cross-tolerance between these three hallucinogens which does not extend to other hallucinogens and which further argues that these three hallucinogens should be classified in the same categoryWithdrawal:There is virtually no withdrawal syndrome seen when chronic use of any of these drugs is abruptly ceased TERM 31 Describe at least four general characteristics of the behavioral consequences following dimethyl-tryptamine (DMT) and/or buffotenine use DEFINITION 31 1. Extremely rapid onset of intoxication2. Followed by increased perspiration, running nose, increased salivation, headache, vomiting, swelling/reddening of the face/limbs, excitation, tremors/ataxia, sometimes convulsions can occur3. Stupor in which the person experiences communications with supernatural forces like deceased relatives or the spirits of animals4. Period of unconsciousness TERM 32 What is the half-life of phencyclidine ("angel dust")? DEFINITION 32 Can be as short as 45 minutes at low doses or as long as 3 weeks in overdose cases TERM 33 Describe at least four behavioral characteristics following phencyclidine ("angel dust") use DEFINITION 33 1. "Dissociative anesthesia"2. Small dose: intoxication/numbness3. Moderate dose: anesthesia/analgesia4. High dose: convulsions TERM 34 The "designer drugs" DOM, MDA, and MDMA are similar to what molecular structures? DEFINITION 34 1. Amphetamines2. Norepinephrine3. Mescaline TERM 35 What are common behavioral effects of MDA and MDMA? DEFINITION 35 1. Referred to as "entactogens": produce empathy/sympathy2. Allow user to "touch gently within"