Haloform Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) with Isopropyl Alcohol, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Chemistry

Download Haloform Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) with Isopropyl Alcohol and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES - MANILA CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 363, P. Casal St., Quiapo, Manila Take Home Kinetics Experiment CHE308 – Chemical Reaction Engineering Summer 2023 Haloform Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach) with Isopropyl (Rubbing) Alcohol In partial fulfillment as a finals requirement submitted to: Engr. Lorraine A. Carrillo To be submitted by the undergraduate Centeno, Craig Daiken V. 2011948 July 13, 2023 Take Home Kinetics Experiment Haloform Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite with Isopropyl Alcohol 1. Objective(s)  To understand and observe the haloform reaction which is an oxidative reaction  To provide and analyze the rate law and kinetics of a haloform reaction  To evaluate the chemical and physical changes of the experimented chemical reaction  To determine the order of the reaction with respect to each reactants and the overall order of reaction through graphical and experimental methods  To assess the parameters affecting the haloform reaction 2. Intended Learning Outcome The student shall be able to:  Perform the haloform reaction of a chlorinated compound and an alcohol  Observe the chemical and physical changes of the haloform reaction  Determine the overall order of the reaction and the order with respect to each reactants  Analyze the rate law and kinetics of the haloform reaction of the stated substances  Assess the parameters affecting the haloform reaction through manipulation 3. Discussion Ice cream is a frozen dairy product. It is sold in soft and hard status. The market success of the product depend on the textural attributes of ice. It is a microcrystalline network of liquid and solid phases. Liquid phase contains air cells that are in trapped and many other components like proteins, fat globules, stabilizer, sugar, soluble and insoluble salts which are also present in this phase (Syed Q.A et al., 2018). The mains steps in making ice cream is to eliminate the microlobiological hazards are by pasturization, freezing and hardening. The main ingredients of ice cream is the products of dairy origin. These include fat, sugar, milk solids and emulsifying agent, flavoring and sometimes coloring. The fat can be from milk, cream or butter or from a non-dairy source. For a frozen dessert to be termed as ice cream, it should contain at least 10% Ice cream are unique frozen food because they are consumed in the frozen state, usually as a scooped product or as a single-serving item, sometimes on a stick and often with other confectionary items. In order to establish the desired structure and texture, these products rely on a concomitant freezing and wiping process. The manufacturing process for most of these products are similiar (Deosarkar S. et al., 2016). Ice cream should contain at most 50% of air. Premium ice cream have higher fat content and lesser air content. The air is in corporated into the ice cream by churning the mixture before freezing. It is because of the aeration process that ice cream are often soft and fluffy. The amount of air added in an ice cream is called overrun (Clarke C., 2012). In commercially produced ice creams this varies from 60-100% or more. In some countries there is a legal maximum of 120% overrun (Fellows P., 2008). Ice cream is a frozen dairy product. It is sold in soft and hard status. The market success of the product depend on the textural attributes of ice. It is a microcrystalline network of liquid and solid phases. Liquid phase contains air cells that are in trapped and many other components like proteins, fat globules, stabilizer, sugar, soluble and insoluble salts which are also present in this phase (Syed Q.A et al., 2018). The mains steps in making ice cream is to eliminate the microlobiological hazards are by pasturization, freezing and hardening. The main ingredients of ice cream is the products of dairy origin. These include fat, sugar, milk solids and emulsifying agent, flavoring and sometimes coloring. The fat can be from milk, cream or butter or from a non-dairy source. For a frozen dessert to be termed as ice cream, it should contain at least 10% of milk fats, 20% of total milk solid by weight. In ice cream, the cream percentage is typically higher than milk (Syed Q.A et al., 2018) In chemistry, the haloform reaction is a chemical reaction in which a haloform (CHX3, where X is a halogen) is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of an acetyl group (R−C(=O) CH3, where R can be either a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or an aryl group), in the presence of a base. In this case, the base is the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or bleach while the halogenated substance is the 70% isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) to produce the haloform which is the chloroform or trichloromethane (CHCl3) wherein the X3 is the halogen chlorine (Cl). Furthermore, this reaction can be used to transform acetyl groups into carboxyl groups (R−C(=O) OH) or to produce chloroform (CHCl3), bromoform (CHBr3), or iodoform (CHI3) but not fluoroform (CHF3). Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), commonly known in a dilute solution as bleach, is a chlorine compound that has an inorganic sodium salt as its cation and the hypochlorite as the anion. It appears as colorless or yellowish liquid that mixes well with water utilized for its disinfectant capabilities and bleaching agent. This strong base is to be mixed with alcohol for the haloform. Isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O), commonly called rubbing alcohol, is a colorless liquid and the simplest secondary alcohol with an isopropyl group linked to a hydroxyl group used for a wide variety of industrial and residential purposes due to its disinfectant and antiseptic capabilities. Both the isopropyl alcohol and sodium hypochlorite are disinfectant substances that are heavily advised to never be in close proximity, utilized simultaneously, and mixed with each other due to their reaction producing the toxic chloroform (CHCl3) and other lethal volatile substances. Chloroform or trichloromethane (CHCl3) is a sweet-smelling colorless organic liquid and highly volatile (vaporizes immediately with atmospheric exposure) solvent that produces toxic gas. However, it is used for its anesthetic properties, agricultural processes, and refrigerant production. This substance is highly regulated due to the several health and environmental risks it poses when it reacts to the substances surrounding it so proper disposal and storage are highly advised when dealing with this chemical. In this take home kinetics experiment, the student conducted the haloform reaction of sodium hypochlorite and isopropyl alcohol but in minimal volumes and in diluted concentrations to avoid high amounts of trichloromethane formation in the environment. The experiment setting was also conducted with personal protective equipment (PPE) and outside the residential area away from any people that would be harmed due to the experiment. 4. Materials ● 40 mL of household bleach (225 mL of Zonrox ColorSafe oxygen bleach was utilized consisting of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and inert pink dye) ● 40 mL of rubbing alcohol (110 mL of 7-11 Cucumber-scented isopropyl alcohol was utilized consisting of 70% isopropyl alcohol and negligible glycerin) ● Distilled water for washing ● 180 mL of measuring cup ● 1 L of liquid storage pitcher ● Personal Protective Equipment: Laboratory Gown, 3 Face Masks, and Latex Gloves ● Hazardous Substance Disposal Bin 5. Procedure 1. Prepare the necessary equipment and substances but their containers must not be opened to avoid gas release and immediate chemical reactions. 2. Properly wear the personal protective equipment to avoid exposure of the skin, eyes, nose, and mouth to the corrosive and toxic gases and liquids. 3. Measure the surrounding temperature and atmospheric pressure. 4. Pour 40 mL of the rubbing alcohol to the 180 mL measuring cup then transfer it to the 1 L liquid storage pitcher to be mixed later with bleach. The bleach is more volatile and toxic than rubbing alcohol so it is transferred later. 5. Wash the 180 mL measuring cup with distilled water. 6. Pour 40 mL of the household bleach to the 180 mL measuring cup. 7. Immediately transfer the 40 mL of rubbing alcohol to the measuring cup with the bleach then put it on an area without any presence of people or animals. 8. Measure the volume of the bleach-alcohol solution and note its volume change per 30 minutes or half an hour. 9. Stop the volume change measurement at the 4th hour or 240 minutes. 10. Properly dispose the remaining solution in the measuring cup in the hazardous substance disposal bin and wash the containers with distilled water to dilute any remaining molecules of the product then dispose it as well in the hazardous substance disposal bin. 6. Chemical Reaction Equation 27NaOCl (aq) + 25C3H8O (aq) → 9CHCl3 (l) + 27NaHCO3 (aq) + 43CO2 (g) -rA = kCACB = k[NaOCl][C3H8O] Equation 6.1 Chemical reaction and rate law equations of bleach-alcohol solution  aq = aqueous solution (substance dissolved in water)  l & g = liquid & gas  NaOCl = sodium hypochlorite  C3H8O = isopropyl alcohol  CHCl3 = trichloromethane or chloroform  NaHCO3 = sodium bicarbonate Table 8.4 Isopropyl alcohol zero, 1st, and 2nd-order concentrations data per 30 minutes Table 8.5 Trichloromethane zero, 1st, and 2nd-order concentrations data per 30 minutes Table 8.6 Sodium bicarbonate zero, 1st, and 2nd-order concentrations data per 30 minutes Table 8.7 Carbon dioxide zero, 1st, and 2nd-order concentrations data per 30 minutes Table 8.8 Rate of disappearance (mole/L-s) of the reactants: NaOCl (middle) & C3H8O (right) Table 8.9 Rate of formation (mole/L-s) of the products from left to right: trichloromethane (CHCl3) → sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) → carbon dioxide (CO2) Analysis: Based on the computed concentrations of the reactants, the limiting reactant is the sodium hypochlorite contained in the household bleach with 0.55758307 moles per liter in the 4th hour of reaction while the excess reactant is the isopropyl alcohol contained in the rubbing alcohol with 1.913851112 moles per liter in the 4th hour of reaction. The product in the 4th hour of reaction with the highest concentration is the carbon dioxide with 35.79853976 moles per liter followed by the dissolved sodium bicarbonate with 22.47815287 moles per liter in the unreacted water then the least concentration is the trichloromethane or chloroform with 7.492717625 moles per liter. Based on analytical data, the order of the reaction with respect to the sodium hypochlorite is first-order while the order of the reaction with respect to isopropyl alcohol is also first-order, which makes the overall order of the reaction as second-order. Graphs 8.2 Linear regression graphical plots of zero, 1st, and 2nd-order of C3H8O Graphs 8.3 Linear regression graphical plots of 1st-order of the products from upper to lower: CHCl3 → NaHCO3 → CO2 Concentration (mal/L) Concentration (mol/L) 2000 2000 (GEC second-order graph) 000 ‘8000 Time (ceconds) 32°C second-order graph ‘Time (seconds) 10000 0000 22000 112000 14000 14000 16000 16000 Figure 9.1 Preparation of household bleach, rubbing alcohol, and 180 mL measuring cup Figure 9.2 Wearing of PPE and conducting experiment outside of people’s reach for safety Figure 9.3 Inspection of atmospheric pressure and surrounding temperature in the setting Figure 9.4 Measuring 40 mL of rubbing alcohol in a 180 mL cup (CAo = 0.70 x n/v) Figure 9.5 Measuring 40 mL of household bleach in a 180 mL cup (CBo = 0.0525 x n/v) Figure 9.6 40 mL of rubbing alcohol on the pitcher and 40 mL of bleach on the cup Figure 9.7 80 mL of solution is measured on the cup after mixing bleach and alcohol Figure 9.8 At the first hour or 60 minutes, 74.93 mL of solution was remaining on the cup Figure 9.9 At the second hour or 120 minutes, 65.44 mL of solution was remaining on the cup Figure 9.10 At the third hour or 180 minutes, 51.91 mL of solution was remaining on the cup Figure 9.11 At the fourth hour or 240 minutes, 40.79 mL of solution was remaining on the cup Figure 9.12 The remaining solution was disposed on a hazardous substance bin after 4 hours 10. Conclusion I, therefore, conclude that the haloform reaction of sodium hypochlorite and isopropyl