Health psychology ......., Summaries of Health, psychology

Download Health psychology ....... and more Summaries Health, psychology in PDF only on Docsity! i Social Psychology - Group Dynamics, Social Influence & Attribution Revision & Practice Course on Psychology - UGC NET Feb’23 Hafsa Malik » Lesson 20 + Feb 14, 2023 REVISION & PRACTICE COURSE PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - | William Glasser publishes Reality Therapy, which forms the basis of his later Choice Theory Robert Zajonc conducts experiments on the mere exposure effect. Elliot Aronson develops the “jigsaw classroom” technique to reduce ethnic rivalry and encourage cooperation in newly desegregated classrooms. Melvin Lerner suggests Janet Taylor Spence and his just world theory Robert Helmreich which claims that many devise the Attitudes of us tend to believe toward Women that people get what Scale (AWS). they deserve. Philip Zimbardo runs the Roger Brown and James Ignacio Martin-Baré Stanford Prison Kulik publish Flashbulb calls for “Liberation Experiment. Memories, about our Psychology,” for poor special biological and war-torn countries. memory mechanism.  DARLEY & LATANE, 1970 Obstacles to Helping intimate distance — 6 to 18 inches (15-45cm) This level of physical distance often indicates a closer relationship or greater comfort between individuals. !t often occurs during intimate contact such as hugging, whispering, ortouching. ~ ee easel eae Personal distance — 1.5 to 4 feet (45-120cm) Physical distance at this level usually occurs between people who are family members or close friends. The closer the people can comfortably stand while interacting can be an indicator of the intimacy of the relationship. Social distance — 4 to 12 feet (120m-350m) This level of physical distance is often used with individuals who are acquaintances. With someone you know fairly well, such as a co-worker you see several times a week, you might feel more comfortable interacting at a closer distance. In cases where you do not know the other person well, such as a postal delivery driver you only see once a month, a distance of 10 to 12 feet may feel more comfortable. Public distance — 12 to 25 feet (350-750m) Physical distance at this level is often used in public speaking situations. Talking in front of a class full of students or giving a presentation at work are good examples of such situations. —— » Kelley's (1967) co-variation model is the best known theory of attribution. » He developed a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be attributed to some characteristic (internal) of the person or the environment (external). >The principle of covariation: We attribute the behavior to the factor that is both present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior fails to occur—the cause that covaries with the behavior. >Kelley (1967) suggests that under co-variation model, we rely on three types of information: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness to see whether a behavior is caused by the actor, object, or context i. Consensus Lava ii. Consistency {i \ A Hernan) etachilen iii. Distinctiveness ). - of Oe Consensus __| Distinctiveness OTN toiay Attribution High High consensus distinctiveness Everyone else This person does behaves the _ not usually behave same way. __ this way in different this situation. situations. sak Low Low High consistency Internal consensus. _— distinctiveness Every time this Nooneelse This person usually _ person is in this behaves the —_ behaves this way in situation, he/she same way. different situations. acts the same way. SOCIAL INFLUENCE Compliance: To Ask—Sometimes— Is to Receive Compliance: The Underlying Principles Tactics Based on Friendship or Likina: Ingratiation Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency: The Foot-in-the-Door and the Lowball Tactics Based on Reciprocity: The Door-in- e-Face and the “That’s-Not-All” Approach Tactics Based on Scarcity: Playing Hard to Get and the Fast-Approaching-Deadline Technique Social Influence Compliance — Request Conformity -—>- Acceptance oo informatio Obedience — Order from authority A group exerts profound A certain amount of social effects on its conformity serves members important social functions People fee! compelled to conform in order to fit in. They will pretend or even convince themselves that they agree with the majority Their tendency to conform can be stronger than thelr values or basic perceptions In the Asch Paradigm experiment, participants were given a visual test. They had to decide which of the three lines on the second card was the same length as the one on the first card. Each question was called a “trial” and there were 18 trials in all WHAT IS MERE EXPOSURE? Zajonc's 1968 experiment tested the mere exposure effect by showing people slides of symbols with uneven rates of repetition; the more frequently someone saw a symbol, the more they claimed to like it. Bennington College Study (1935-1939) e Theodore Newcomb found that as Bennington college women were exposed to the relatively liberal referent group of fellow students and faculty, they became more liberal. - “Becoming radical meant thinking for myself and, figuratively, thumbing my nose at my family. It also meant intellectual identification with the faculty and students that | most wanted to be like” (Newcomb, 1943, pp. 134, 131) . Us GROUP DYNAMICS Group dynamics is a general term for some of the phenomena we observe when people interac For exampié, social facilitation ®& an increase in performance on a task that occurs when that task is performed in the presence of others. You may have experienced this effect if you play sports. As Qa +eam we can create problems none of vs could cavse as individuals / The opposite effe Called social inhibition-which occurs when the presence of others makes performance worse. Many people experience social inhibition when they give speeches. Another eect that occurs when people interact in groups soca loafing, — or the reduced effort group members put into a task as a re the group. For example, when you are assign roup pro u may putin less effort than you would if it were an individual project, hoping that the other group members will pick up some of your slack. Another interesting effect of being in groups is . . sonttonstecroceaae —— Group Polarization- tendency to shift toward Group polarization occurs when a judgment or more extreme positions after group decision of a group is more extreme than what discussion individual members of the group would have ° ‘ reached on their own. * Risky Shift ° ° For example, if people with negative racial : : attitudes are placed into a group and told to = a A discuss racial issues, those who started off tha~ Risky Neutral experiment with high prejudice often end up with an even higher prejudice after the discussion. The suggestion that frustration is a very Use F fe SAM HAHAHA HT UH Agar powerful determinant of aggression WisaVlen fer & (A) General aggression model (S) AAS HAHAHA Aisa (B) Aggression model (@t) HiT Also rustration Aggression hypothesis (ar) fale 3isHlAHa Weahedelr (D) None of the above (Sh) saa ra FS His sel Which of the following can be considered positive outcomes of a self-fulfilling prophecy ? (a) Hawthorne effect (b) Golem effect (c) Rosenthal effect ——~ (d) Pygmalion effect —— (1) a,b andd (2) b,c andd (3) d only hye and d farafatad A a fra Fa- STaASAaIOl a WAN TAH Fla ST Wha F? (@) alehelt WATT (ah) aera Waa (ar) Weewet Ware (8t) SeATeraet WHra (1), a3ir gt (2) a, Sr aR St (3) Haet ST (4) a 3x St The fact that the things people want Aza Ue & fee oer fotet Aloit HY and value most are good jobs, nice Waa Hit ded & HR Aes homes, and high status are always in Gd & a & HAN HINA, Heed short supply. It serves as the Et 3 Sea Ye Bae HA HG foundation for what is perhaps the 4 aa #| ae sa ST aa oldest explanation of prejudice wrt Har - st aaa: qarae os (A) Norm violation theory (B) Identity theory er Realistic conflict theory (at) Weare acuta (D) Intergroup conflict theory (aN aerfarat aay faa (Sh sexqy wat ata The process whereby people flatter, qe Disha Tae Arey ae aad & praise and generally try to make Waa ata &€ AK 3a aN W We H Wart themselves likeable of the experiment, Hh HelHea Fellet Hl HiIl Hic &, fora whichéias beerrexpisined-inadvanee is Geel St PASAT ST FAT & (A) Informational social influence (@) Qaencaa Walsh WHra ngratiation (D) Interdependence eee consent a Grad Aeata (3h) FRAGT According to the sleeper effect by Carl Hoviand, which of the following statements would be correct? In the long run, source is more important than information In the long run, information has higher value than the source >— immediate perception change depen on expertise and trustworthiness Immediate perception change does not depend on source — Am 2 and3 B. Cc. D. 1 and 3 1,3 and4 2,3and4 lel Sldeis H FNAL Wal GH Hepat falrafettad A A Hlet-A Het Hel Sle? oe FAA A, Fae Hl Geet H Bla fers aa Sway F Waa Fy, Geen A Yael A AeA afte sare ache GRO Gade faersaar sit HAN AT frst Ea & ache Ion Gade Bla WW rst ae FLAT 2313 1313 1,334 2,334 Which of the following are less likely to hale Areal S Srey Arey Hejeta- Sacra FH be seen in persuasion happening through IG CIGICGR RE COICORGLICGIEC Al the central route? fexars ecit 8? 1) Motivated audience 1) Wa ala 2) Heuristics : : 2) He{AleT 3) Emphasis on quality of argument ) p I quality gu 3) 4 Fy sora Ot oe ee Fe, sare CASING A IT SAK A. 1 and 3 -B-Zand 4 w1i3ak3 C. 2,3 and 4 dr 2 334 D. 1,3 and 4 ari 2 334 3t1 1,3 314 4) Emphasis on tone, pitch, pragmatics Assertion : Positive and negative orn a differentially contribute to aggression according to Zilman. Reason: Exposure to negative stimuli causes negative emotions, which is further strengthened by cues of aggression in the environment. > Berke Fe A. Both A and R are true; Ris the correct explanation of A B. Both A and R are true; R is not the correct explanation of A C. Ais true; R is false -B-Ais false; Ris true RiaHee: facta H HPA AHRIAH IK AGNICAH Saale Ze1a1-H1oTaT HiHlAHaT A Aletelet HX FI PRU: AHNICAH SAAN H AI A Het A AANICAH Araere Yar etc # at Garator A 3awHlaAhal H Mahal A sie Hager Brett FI A. AZKR ae Berg; R, A Hr Ber core B.A3IKR det Bete; R, AA Her SOI sel & C.A Rete THOT D.A More; TATE Which theory of aggression emphasizes IIHIAHaI HT Hlet AT the conflict between life and death Acq Hr afer & dra Pat aT SI Sar F instincts results in self-destructive fora GROTASAST HICA-faegreN Water tendencies which lead to aggressive Slat & SY sis Saaerr Fr ZT A Sra behaviour? A. Excitation Transfer Theory B. Conscious Tension theory abt rode poatetcs theory . Freud’s Hydraulic Theory According to social impact theory the effect of majority on minority rests on three of following. (a) Majority's strength (b) Minority’s resistance (C) Number of persons (d) Nearness (1) (a) (b) (c) ~(2) (a) (c) (d) (3) (b) (c) (d) (4) (b) (d) (a) @ Question !6 Which of the following are a possible frratetact A a let A Aaltorh outcome of social identity? sale Hl UH AIllad GROW &? A. Prejudice towards out-group members A. WA H Wet H AeA H Wiad qarae B. Heterogeneity of the out-aroun __ B. Sett Hae Hr fasaa4r C. Formation of stereotypes through AeA A Blediicadl Ar comparison aa D. Scapegoating the out-group D. 313¢-4o Al fel Hl SHR Getler E. Equal opportunities given to out-group S| 313e- 7 ae al Wael Z1GGT members feu ae 1. A, b, ddonl 2.Gd.éonly 1. dae, a, Mate st —5-C, d and@only 2. saat u, , § >b,A,/e 4. B, c and e only 3. Hat BT, tome, pyar 4. Haar a, Ur sik Assertion : Injunctive norms often guide behavior as per what others may do in the same situation. >< Reason: Prescriptive and proscriptive norms can guide behavior as what people ought to do, and what they ought not to do respectively. 1. Both AandR are true; Ris the the correct explanation of A 2. BothAand Rare true; Ris not the the correct explanation of A Ais true; Ris False aa is False; Ris True WistHerer: TIA Alelas ATHOT SIAN FT Arent axa & fe gat set fafa a ar aX Wah b! NT: facencarh Ze Widdticath Aretes SAGE Hi erchla HT Wah & fe Aleit Hr HAM: FA Hell Ulee 3X FAM sel Atel @ Question !8 Which of the following was a factor in fAcma & vareit Fr 4 A Arana Hr determining the degree of obedience in feat fauiRka azet Ha ala a Milgram’s series of experiments? ANH LN? (A) Distance between the teacher and the (@) Rrates atx Pranelt & dra Fr att learner (B) Tone of voice of the teacher (at) Prater Hr 3ilatst Hr Fat (C) Whether or not the teacher was male or he : pl a Afgan Ut at ater Ha Ha A Tarra Ar ar aver female (D) Whether or not the experimenter was an expert in his or her field 1. Haat UH St 2. ae a 3x et 1. A and c only 3. Hae UH SF 2. B and c only 4. Haat FH 3X St <8-K and d only 4. B and d only Which of the following are the fratetad A 8 let art Hl Aaa axer motivators for helping others? ch fore Wah F? (a) Attitudes (b) Empathy (c) Personal distress (d) Norms and values (1) (a). (b) and (c) (2) (a), (b) and (d) (1) (@)1 (@y atk 3 d (d (2) (&), (@) ai (SH (4) 18), (e) and (a) (3) (&), (MN ate (4) (&, (ip ai (SN Which of the following statements are true 3{eUal H at F faraiaiaad A a Slat V HT about conformity? Wes e? (a) Normative conformity results in (U) AANA AGTSITA H OROTALAST Alaatiet changes in public behavior. Sage A WRadet lar e1 (b) Informational conformity comes from the belief that the group knows better. (St) PIACAH HASTA Fe AAT B ITH G Fe (c) Internalization is likely in private a rr. aaa conformity. (d) Normative conformity occurs even Aaa FI without the presence of the group. (Sh wae fr suftate & fee sft arates HYSTA Sle BI AYA, b,c (2) b, candd (1) &, ty, & (3) aandc (2) &, a ate 3 (4) b andd (3) T3ik (4) df ite St Which of the following statements about Zillman’s Aggression theory are true? a). There are at least two or more arousing events b). Misattribution inhibits aggressive behavioror c). Arousing events can be positive or negative d). Residual arousal plays a key role in aggression 1.A,bandc 2. A,candd ada d -Candd forte & aisle euica H ar A ferret Fa ale A Hat Tet? 2 a ee Wea SY) | Were ViSSqa HHAH CaaS Hi Wear F Gh) | SafSaa Her Aell Tears PaNicAH Ir AANA el Uhl & a enn The act in which people help others without any personal interest, motive, reason is called (1) Altruism (2) Nurturance (3) Prosocial Behaviour (4) Social Obligation  Do you have any questions? Leave them @netwithhafsa Classes at 8:30 AM, 5 PM and 8 PM Please revise the remaining portion of Unit 1 for tomorrow!