Theories of Health Behavior Change: Transtheoretical Model, Precaution Adoption Process Mo, Study notes of Health sciences

Download Theories of Health Behavior Change: Transtheoretical Model, Precaution Adoption Process Mo and more Study notes Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! Behavior Belief Evaluations of Behavioral Outcomes Normative Beliefs Attitudes Toward Behavior Motivation to Comply Control Beliefs Subjective Norm Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control Behavioral Intention Behavior INTRAPERSONAL CONTINUUMTHEORIES I. Health Belief Model- Health behavior is determined by personal beliefs or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence. A. Constructs : 1. Perceived Severity- individual’s belief about the seriousness of the disease 2. Perceived Susceptibility- the greater the perceived risk, the greater the likelihood of engaging in behaviors that decrease the risk  Perceived severity + perceived susceptibility = perceived threat 3. Perceived Benefits- person’s opinions of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease 4. Perceived Barriers- individual’s own evaluation of obstacles in the way of him or her adopting a new behavior  Benefits of new behavior must outweigh consequences of old behavior 5. Modifiable variables 6. Cues to Action- events, people, or things that move people to change behavior 7. Self-efficacy- belief in one’s own ability to do something. II. Theory of Planned Behavior- behavioral beliefs, evaluation of behavioral outcomes and attitude toward behaviors A. Intention - extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behavior B. Constructs : 1. Attitude- a series of beliefs about something that affects the way we think and behave 2. Subjective norms- behaviors we perceive important people expect of us and our desire to comply with these expectations 3. Volitional control- extent to which we can decided to do something at will 4. Behavioral control- extent of ease of difficulty we believe the performance of a behavior to be INTRAPERSONAL STAGE THEORIES I. Transtheoretical Model- Processes of change (how) help people move through stages of change (when) A. Constructs : 1. Stages of Change- when change occurs  Pre- contemplation- people in this stage don’t recognize they have a behavior needing change or are just not ready to change because they are either uninformed or under informed about the behavior or due to past experience  Contemplation- people recognize there is a problem and are starting to think about making a change but are hesitant o Cues to action cause people to consider change o Decisional balance- process of weighing pros and cons of new behavior against the old  Preparation- begins once the decision to change behavior is made o Make plans, obtain any tools needed, learn new skills, etc.  Action- plan put to work but doesn’t necessarily mean a behavior change; people actively trying to modify behavior  Maintenance- people work to prevent relapsing to old behavior  Termination- time when people who have changed have zero temptation to return to old behavior 2. Self- efficacy 3. Processes of Change- how change occurs  Consciousness Raising- process whereby people obtain information about themselves and the problem behavior; become aware  Dramatic Relief- being able to express feelings about or react emotionally to behavior  Environmental Reevaluation- looking at behavior in light of its impact or effect on the physical environment  Social Liberation- process whereby options or alternatives are sought that support new behavior  Self- reevaluation- process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior and assess the differences in their self- esteem  Stimulus Control- when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment  Helping Relationships- relationships with people who act as a support system for changing bad behavior  Counter Conditioning- healthier behavior is substituted for unhealthy one  Reinforcement management- deals with rewards and punishments COMMUNITY CONTINUUM THEORIES I. Diffusion of Innovation- means and rate by which a new idea is disseminated and adopted by society A. Constructs : 1. Innovation- something new  Relative Advantage- an innovation has a better chance of being adopted if it’s better than what already out there  Trialability- trial base of product can increase adoption  Complexity- the more complex the innovation, the less likely it will be adopted  Compatibility- innovation must be compatible with existing values and needs to people, culture, and social environment  Observability- if results of using innovation can be seen by others, it’s more likely to be adopted  Risk- the higher the risk of using the innovation, the less likely it will be adopted  Flexibility- can be used in a variety of ways  Reversibility- can go back to using old thing if not satisfied  Cost- efficiency- not to expensive 2. Communication Channel- how word of innovation spreads  Mass media is most rapid way to communicate 3. Time-  Innovation- Decision Process o Knowledge of innovation- starts communication channel o Persuasion- people develop an attitude about innovation o Decision- people engage in activities that results in a decision to adopt or reject the innovation o Implementation- occurs when innovation is tried or tested o Confirmation- when decision is to adopt, people need reinforcement that they decision they made was good  Adoption Curve- sorts people based on when they will accept innovation o Innovators- risk takers; first to try innovation; educated; reached through mass media o Early Adopters- opinion leaders in community; role models; reached through mass media (state/ regional) o Early Majority- greatly influenced by opinion leaders and mass media; reached through demonstrated adoption patterns of innovators and early adopters (local channels) o Late Majority- question change; choose to wait until innovation is an established norm; most ready if required by law o Laggards- conservative and traditions; last to adopt innovation if ever; low education; reached through one-on-one communication channel 4. Social System- individuals or groups that are engaged in solving a joint problem to accomplish a goal; group structure into which innovation is being introduced _____________________________________________________________________________________ COMMUNITY STAGE THEORY I. Community Readiness Model- deals with group processes and organizations A. Nine Stages : 1. No Awareness- problem not recognized by community or leaders 2. Denial- little or no recognition or nothing can be done about issue 3. Vague Awareness- there is a problem but no motivation to do something 4. Preplanning- clear recognition of issue 5. Preparation- planning but not based on collected data; must gather information 6. Initiation- information available to justify and begin efforts; little resistance; community involvement 7. Stabilization- programs are running smoothly and supported by community 8. Confirmation and Expansion- enhance services 9. Professionalism - maintain momentum and continue growth _____________________________________________________________________________________ PLANNING MODELS - Change process theories- specify the relationships among casual processes operating both within and across levels of analysis; explain how change takes place I. PRECEDE-PROCEED Model- A. PRECEDE (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/ Ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation)- consists of a series of planed assessments that generate information that will be used to guide subsequent decisions B. PROCEED (Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development)- marked by the strategic implementation of multiple actions based on what was learned from the assessments in the initial phase; begins with the final consequences and works backwards to causes II. MATCH (Multilevel Approach To Community Health)- ecological planning perspective that recognizes that intervention activities can and should be aimed at a variety of objectives and individuals III. Intervention Mapping- based on importance of planning programs that are based on theory or evidence A. Six Steps : 1. Needs Assessment- an effort to get to know and understand the character of the priority population  Scientific, epidemiologic, behavioral, and social analysis of a priority 2. Matrices of Change Objectives- specifies who and what will change as a result of the intervention; planners create a matrix of change objectives for intervention 3. Theory Based Methods and Practical Strategies- planners work to identify strategies that hold the greatest promise to change health behaviors of individuals 4. Program- planners create details for intervention and materials needed for the implementation of the program based on methods and strategies 5. Adoption and Implementation- development on matrices that focus on adoption and implementation performance objectives; focus on what will be done by whom amongst the planners 6. Evaluation Planning- planners decide if determinants were well specified and whether or not implementation was complete and executed as planned IV. CDCynergy- developed specifically for health professionals A. Six Phases : 1. Describe Problem- identify and define problems that may be addressed by your program interventions; conduct research 2. Analyze Problem- list causes, develop goals, select intervention 3. Plan Intervention- decide if communication is needed as dominant intervention and/ or as support for other interventions 4. Develop Intervention 5. Plan Evaluation 6. Implement Plan V. SMART (Social Marketing and Assessment and Response Tool)- the application of commercial marketing technologies to analysis, planning, execution, and evaluation of programs designed to influence voluntary behaviors of target audience to improve their personal welfare in that society A. Seven Phases : 1. Preliminary Planning- identify problem and develop goals 2. Consumer Analysis- wants, needs, preferences of priority populations 3. Market Analysis- identify competitors, allies, and partners in market 4. Channel Analysis- how to communicate message 5. Develop Interventions, Material, and Pretest 6. Implementation 7. Evaluation