Heart Vein Artery, Schemes and Mind Maps of Cardiology

Download Heart Vein Artery and more Schemes and Mind Maps Cardiology in PDF only on Docsity! “ gl SS Far; Lf LN > a 0 Blood Vessels A circulatory system lab activity using Visible Body’s Human Anatomy Atlas Blythe Nilson, Associate Professor of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan 2 PRE-LAB EXERCISES Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views and scroll down to Circulatory System Views. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms. A. Circulatory System Overview In the Circulatory System Views section, select View 1. Circulatory System. The skeletal system is included in this view. Note that blood vessels travel throughout the entire body. Heart Vein Artery 5 IN-LAB EXERCISES Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views and scroll down to the Circulatory System Views. You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms and all answers to the questions. A. Vasculature of the Brain and the Circle of Willis In the Circulatory System Views section, select View 3. Vasculature of the Brain. Use this view to answer the following questions. Cavernous sinus Brachiocephalic trunk Subclavian artery Internal jugular Vertebral artery 6 1. Which three arteries branch from the aorta to supply the head? 2. The brachiocephalic trunk branches into the _______________________________ and _______________________________ arteries. 3. Branches of the subclavian arteries travel through foramina in the transverse arches of the cervical vertebrae on their way to the head. What are these branches called? a. Follow one of the vertebral arteries to the point where it enters the skull. Rotate the view to observe it from the side and select the skeletal system icon in the system tray on the left side of the screen to show the whole skeletal system in the view. Note the sharp curves made by the vertebral artery as it leaves the axis and enters the skull. This is of clinical significance because this region of the artery is easily torn during overstretching, manipulation, or trauma. Superior sagittal sinus Superficial middle cerebral vein Superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard) Sigmoid sinus Transverse sinus Superior cerebral vein 7 4. Refresh the view and rotate it to observe the superior portion of the brain. What is the unpaired, large vessel that drains blood from the brain? a. Where is this chamber located? b. Dural sinuses are channels between the layers of the dura mater that contain venous blood. They are larger in diameter than regular veins and are often referred to as chambers. 5. Locate one of the superior anastomotic veins (of Trolard). Anastomoses are connected vessels that form a network, providing alternate blood supply routes. These veins lie between which two lobes of the brain? 6. Select any of the veins that parallel the superior anastomotic veins. This group of veins is called ________________________________. The regions of the brain that are drained by these veins are the _______________________________. 7. The superior anastomotic veins and the superior cerebral veins join to form the superficial middle cerebral vein and the _______________________________, which drain into the _______________________________. 8. Posteriorly, the transverse sinuses and the superior sagittal sinus meet at the _______________________________, which drains into the _______________________________, which in turn drains into the _______________________________. 9. The sigmoid sinuses are located near the posterior lobes of the _______________________________. 10. Rotate the view to observe the anterior structures. Locate the large, paired cavernous sinuses. They receive blood from the ophthalmic region. Blood from the cavernous sinuses travels through two petrosal sinuses and the sigmoid sinus to drain into the _______________________________. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, select and deselect the skeletal system icon to add and remove the skeletal system structures from the view and observe where the internal jugular veins leave the skull and enter the neck. 10 B. Carotid and Jugular Vessels In the Circulatory System Views section, select View 5. Carotid and Jugular. Use this view to answer the following questions. 1. Locate the two large internal jugular veins that leave the skull and travel down the neck. Each one exits the skull through a space between the temporal and occipital bones called the ________________________________. 2. External to the skull, the posterior portion of the scalp is drained by the paired _______________________________. 3. The sides of the scalp are drained by the _______________________________, which pass over the temporal bones in front of the ears, and the _______________________________, which pass behind the ears. These veins join to form the retromandibular vein. 4. The occipital veins and branches of the retromandibular vein join to travel down the outside of the neck as the _______________________________. Retromandibular vein Internal jugular vein 11 5. The external jugular veins drain into the _______________________________ and the internal jugular veins drain into the _________________________________________________. 6. Locate the veins that travel with the vertebral arteries through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. These are the _______________________________. C. Pulmonary and Azygos Circulation In the Circulatory System Views section, select View 6. Pulmonary. Use this view to answer the following questions. 1. Select any of the purple-colored branching vessels, use the arrow in the content box to find and choose Pulmonary circulation from the list, and use the book icon to read the definition. Pulmonary circulation travels between the _______________________________ and the _______________________________. 2. Rotate the view to observe the great vessel that leaves the heart and splits into two branches, one for each lung. Before it branches, this vessel is called the _______________________________, and its branches are called _______________________________. Superior vena cava Heart valves Pulmonary trunk Left atrium Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein 12 3. While viewing the posterior side of the heart, select the large surface of the lower heart to highlight the sternocostal surface. Use the Hide button in the content box to hide this surface and rotate the view to observe the opening to the pulmonary trunk. a. Which heart chamber pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk? b. Which valve controls backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk into the heart? 4. Once inside the lungs, these arteries split into increasingly smaller branches that eventually reach the pulmonary capillary beds, which wrap around the alveoli of the lungs. This is the site of _______________________________. 5. The pulmonary arteries are unique because they are the only arteries that carry _______________________________. Therefore, they are colored purple, not red, in the view. 6. Why are the pulmonary veins colored a dark shade of purple, instead of blue like the superior vena cava, in this view? 7. Select the left lung and use the Hide button in the content box to hide it. If you want to hide the trachea and bronchi as well, deselect the respiratory system icon in the system tray on the left side of the screen to remove these structures from the view. Rotate the view to observe it from the back and locate the four veins, two on each side, that return blood from the lungs to the heart. a. What are the upper veins called? b. What are the lower veins called? c. Which heart chamber collects blood from all four of these veins? TIME TO PRACTICE! GO TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZ 1 HEAD AND NECK, QUIZ 11 HEAD AND NECK, QUIZ 2 CIRCLE OF WILLIS, AND QUIZ 20 PULMONARY CIRCULATION . 15 1. Locate the common hepatic artery as it branches from the abdominal aorta. This artery and its branches supply six organs. What are they? • • • • • • 2. Select the spleen and use the Hide button in the content box to hide it. Rotate the view to observe the arteries that enter the inferior side of the liver. The common hepatic artery branch that supplies the liver is the _______________________________. This artery terminates in left and right branches that enter the liver, supplying it with freshly oxygenated blood. 3. Rotate the view to observe the veins that enter the liver from below. Locate the large vein that enters the liver next to the proper hepatic artery branches. This vein is the _______________________________. a. The hepatic portal vein delivers oxygen-depleted blood, which carries food absorbed by the small intestine that will be processed by the liver before entering the heart. Which organs are drained by this vein? 4. Portal veins are vessels that carry blood from one set of capillary beds—in this case, from the digestive system—and deliver it to another set of capillary beds—in this case, to the liver—without passing through the heart first. As the hepatic portal vein enters the liver, it branches into small, permeable, capillary-like vessels called ________________________________. Products of digestion that are absorbed by the intestines enter the liver through these permeable vessels. Other products, such as materials reabsorbed from the colon and the products of red blood cell recycling from the spleen, also enter the liver for processing. 5. Select the (VII) right posterolateral segment of the liver and use the Hide button in the content box to hide it and observe the paired veins that drain the liver. These are the _______________________________, which empty into the _______________________________. TIME TO PRACTICE! GO TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZ 12 VENOUS SINUSES, QUIZ 4 THORAX, QUIZ 5 ABDOMEN I, QUIZ 6 ABDOMEN II, QUIZ 14 THORAX, AND QUIZ 15 ABDOMEN. 16 Go back to the Circulatory System Views and select View 11. Lower Digestive. Use this view to answer the following questions. 1. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the skeletal system icon to remove the skeletal structures from the view and rotate the view to observe the back of the intestines. Note the network of vessels that supply the intestines. Rotate the view to observe it from the front, and then select and hide the jejunum and ileum. Locate the multiple loops of paired arteries and veins on the left side, near the descending colon. The looping arteries are the _______________________________ of the unpaired, straight _______________________________, which extends along the front of the abdomen. a. List the organs that receive blood from these arteries. • • • • • Superior mesenteric vein Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery 17 b. Paired with these arteries are the looping _______________________________ of the _______________________________. 2. The superior mesenteric artery branches from the ___________________ just below the celiac trunk. 3. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the digestive system icon to remove the digestive structures from the view, and then highlight the superior mesenteric vein and follow its path upward. At the level of the kidneys, it becomes the _______________________________. Now, you can follow the routes of materials that are absorbed by the small intestines and delivered to the liver. Refresh the view to see everything in place and follow the route of the hepatic portal system past the digestive organs. 20 4. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the urinary and digestive system icons to remove the urinary and digestive structures from the view. Locate the left or right anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. Locate and name the seven branches of this trunk (in males). • • • • • • • a. Which branch of the anterior trunk travels along the interior face of the ilium and passes through the pelvic inlet? b. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, select the urinary system icon to show the urinary structures in the view. Which artery supplies the bladder? c. In males, which artery supplies the penis? 5. Use the gender toggle at the top of the screen, next to the search bar, to switch to the female version of the view. Then, in the system tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the skeletal system icon to hide the skeletal structures from the view and rotate the view to observe the back of the uterus. What is the name of the artery that supplies most of the uterus via its branches? a. This artery is a branch of the ___________________________________________________. 6. The _______________________________ branch of the uterine artery supplies the ovaries (in females). 7. Locate the left or right posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. Locate and name the two main branches of this trunk. • • 21 8. Which plexus drains each of the following organs. a. The ovaries: _______________________________ b. The uterus: _______________________________ c. The bladder: _______________________________ 9. Fill-in the blanks to complete the following statements. a. The vesical venous plexus drains into the _______________________________. b. The ovarian venous plexus drains into the _______________________________. c. The uterine venous plexus drains into the _______________________________, traveling upward on either side of the pelvis. d. The uterine veins and __superior vesical veins__ drain into the anterior trunks of the _______________________________. e. The gonadal vein travels high into the abdomen before entering the _______________________________. 10. Draining the lower extremities, the large _______________________________ become the _______________________________ at the inguinal ligament. 11. At the brim of the pelvis, the _______________________________ unite with the _______________________________ to form the ______________________________. 12. Use the gender toggle at the top of the screen, next to the search bar, to switch back to the male version of the view. The _______________________________ drains the skin of the penis, becomes the ________________________________, and eventually enters the pudendal plexus. 13. Select the penis to highlight the Dartos fascia and use the Hide button in the content box to hide it. Next, select one of the testicles to highlight the spermatic fascia and use the Hide button to hide it. Note the plexus of veins that drains the testis. Follow this plexus as it travels up toward the pelvis, and as it nears the bladder, observe how the veins unite to form the ________________________________________. 22 a. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, select the skeletal system icon to show the skeletal structures in the view. Note how these veins travel along the pelvis and enter the pelvic cavity. b. In the system tray on the left side of the screen, select the muscular system icon to show the muscles in the view. Note how these veins, along with accompanying arteries and nerves, travel from the external testes into the pelvis, between the pelvic muscles. TIME TO PRACTICE! GO TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZ 7 INTESTINES, QUIZ 16 INTESTINES, AND QUIZ 17 PELVIS. 25 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 1. Circulatory System (I) 26 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 1. Circulatory System (II) 27 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 3. Vasculature of the Brain (I) 30 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 5. Carotid and Jugular 31 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 6. Pulmonary 32 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 8. Azygos System 35 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 11. Lower Digestive 36 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 12. Pelvic Circulation (Female) 37 Source: Circulatory System Views: View 12. Pelvic Circulation (Male)