Religious Heresies & Invasions in Europe: Waldensians, Cathars, Inquisition, Exams of World History

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Civ 04-03-30 Heirs of the Roman Empire: Three Major Empires in the Early Middle Ages The Eastern Roman Empire: The "Byzantines" The remains of the Eastern Roman empire; capitol was Constantinople (now Istanbul); Spoke primarily Greek and Greek derivatives; Greek Orthodox Christians; West and East struck differences Justinian, ruled 527-565 AD Considered the founder of the Eastern empire; controlled many of the derivative characteristics of that area; Theodora represents a trend of changed laws by Justinian; she was a circus performer and changes the rules to get the girl; she had an act with stripping and animals; she became a backbone of his rule Internal Concerns - Theodora shows her worth; 532 in Constantinople the Nika Riots take place against Justinian; he is frightened; Theodora tells him to fight them with military force; he does so at the major arena at Constantinople, sealing and slaughtering approximately 30,000 people; took out a large part of the male population Also had legal reform of the Roman laws - organized and comprehensible; Corpus Iuris Civilis (CJC), completed by 529 AD; last major piece of government business done in Latin -- things moved to Greek after that; becomes significant to the medieval period for legal text and later in the Western world Building Campaign - rebuilt Constantinople; Hagia Sophia (Christian church); became a place of worship for Islam; launched a great building campaign to create new stuff External Concerns - Justinian wanted to recreate "Roman Glory"; eyes on North Africa and Spain; conquered the Goths, the Vandal Kingdom, most of the Italian Boot, etc.; extended military control over parts of the original Roman Empire; can be argued that ancient Italy is no longer defined at this point; goes after the Sassanid Empire; interrupts major political vacuum and takes over After Justinian The empire declines for lack of maintenance; his influence could not be matched in the new leadership ranks, so things dwindled (Cold War); the Byzantines shrank Contributions Maintained Greek culture and language, which did not disappear with the decline of the Hellenistic world; sent Greek Orthodox missionaries into areas like the USSR; 800-1100 AD, there was a concentrated effort to missionize the Slavs; realized that translations were essential; completed Cyrillic translations; Martin Luther later completes the first German translation for Prince Edward ...; in Kiev, Vladimir was converted; he pushed his society to the same; now there is a stronger connection with Constantinople for controlled territory than Rome The Rise of Islam and Changes in the Mediterranean and West Asian Worlds Pre-Islamic Arabia Tribe/Clan organization; all things were based on this social structure; not sure of origins; could be connected to Abraham via Ishmael and Hagar; Quaryash tribe is a major tribe in the area; before the rise of Islam, the society is polytheistic; Allah is only one of the gods worshipped; Mecca was a great trading area; Ka'ba was a center for worship of a number of gods; Mohammed rededicates the place to Allah only; their neighbors are too busy fighting to realize what's going on (Byzantium/Sassanids) Mohammed, 570-632 Mohammed is a prophet of Allah; preached monotheism to Allah; Islam means "submission"; Muslim means "one who submits"; Mohammed married wealthy and began looking for spiritual enlightenment in the caves outside of Mecca; claims to have heard from Gabriel; believed he had the true message from the same God of Abraham, etc.; message was rejected by most of society; "There is only one god and Mohammed is his prophet."; the society in this day and age had no problem thinking that religious and ulterior motives went well together; did not want monotheism because that meant they didn't make as much money in the Qu'at; did not find Mecca safe and traveled to Medina (the "second holy city"); the trip is called the "Hijrah", which means a search for sanctuary Islam Faith has been corrupted in some parts of the world form the original; no basis for "jihad" in the basic tenants of the faith; Islam - "submission"; Muslim - "one who submits"; Qu'ran - transcribed as Mohammed spoke of "divine influence"; translations are not well received or effective; The Five Pillars - the basics that keep people working for the community and in line with everything else; monotheism and prophet hood of Mohammed; Pray five times a day with semi-ritual prayers; give alms to the poor - ala, tithe or offering; observe Ramadan - fasting during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar; can't eat from sunup to sundown each day; big feast at the end; pilgrimage to Mecca, "Hadji"; not required; restricted to Muslims only The Abrahamic Tradition Mohammed connected himself with the Abrahamic Tradition intentionally; claimed to worship the same God; People of the Book - the idea that everyone has a sacred scripture in common; granted protection to Christians and Jews because of this; not first-class citizens, but considered like lost brothers; Similarities between the three - monotheism, strong responsibility to God, Middle-Eastern origins, prophetic traditions, Jerusalem; Jerusalem is counted as the "third holy city" of Islam; Mohammed is rumored to have transcended into heaven at the rock where Abraham almost killed Isaac; for the most part, Islam is historically kind enough to allow Christians and Jews into holy cities, but that is not always upheld; small percentage is intolerant historically, not unlike other religious influences Expansion of Islam After prophet hood, the Caliph/Khalifa was created as the successor to Mohammed, not a prophet; title given to leaders of the community Reasons for Expansion - "Convert or Die" myth; used tax exemption as a way to influence conversions; wanted to increase taxable area Military Evaluation - good at fighting in North Africa; fought light and fast; pseudo Guerilla warfare experts; Romans are not prepared to fight a foe so mobile Expansion in Three Directions - North against the Byzantines; West into North Africa and Spain; East against the Sassanids; Sassanids no longer have the strength to fight back after quibbles with the Romans; Expanded to the borders of India; when things were considered to work between cultural groups, they worked well Impacts on Europe, the Mediterranean World, and West Asia and split the empire; Charles becomes the French king; Lothar gets the Roman empire and the midsection between the East and the West; Louis gets the German side; Lothar cannot hold his land and it is absorbed over time by the other two; the Vikings benefit from the lack of order between the three territories and are able to hold ground against their outer borders; while the culture is similar, there is no political unity; primary languages are early French and German, some Latin from educated people; Treaty of Verdun in 843 Reform and Renewal I: The Rise of Cities and the Development of Commerce Beginnings and Growth Population was highly rural; cities were dominated by Feudal Lords; Lords could be priests, rulers, etc; Merchants attracted craftspeople; Old foundations - Cologne; Colony; Roman settlements; still had Roman walls, etc; Christian church develops an Archbishop in Cologne; Revival in the 10th century; merchants convene there over time; ~5000 people, huge by Medieval standards Cities from necessity - monasteries or forts; rivers for transportation; Ghent; merchants gathered to service the monastery and provide themselves transportation; weakness when the Vikings used the rivers to get there quickly as well Gaining Independence Citizens wanted freedom from feudal Lords, taxes, etc. New charters - tried to convince the king to help them against their Lord; akin to incorporation of a city; London does this with the king of England over a number of years; pledged loyalty and money for independence and protection Violence - feudal lord of Laon was a local bishop; chartered, but the Bishop took back his word; the citizens marched on the Bishop's residence and found him hiding in a wine cask; gained independence de facto; unsure of the exact cause of death Town Government Forms - Oligarchy; town managers; both ruled by the few; communes, ruled by only a few people in reality; elected a few officials Regulations and Stuff - in charge of city maintenance in all aspects; maintained honesty with common weights and measures; regulated prostitution; suburbs - below the south of the city Development of Commerce Trade develops between cultures Rebirth of Long Distance - Trade all over the middle east and Europe; routes ran to the farthest corners of this part of the world, carrying stuff from Asia, etc.; brought in medicine, spices, etc.; spices used to increase flavor and offset more spoiled meats; took back raw materials - food and wood mainly Development of Regional Markets - Merchant fairs; kind of like the flea market or farmer's market with goods; fair at Champagne; provided goods that could not be achieved locally Development of Guilds - people with certain sets of skills; became much more specialized with time; regulated the value of goods by regulating the number of practitioners in one area, etc; regulated the training of apprentices to keep the dumb kids out; socially separated different kinds of people and provided common ground for those in the guilds; took care of each other; helped take care of funeral expenses and widows Being an apprentice - wide range of training years for different apprenticeships; masterwork required at the end to prove you can make the grade The Merchants' Challenge to the Traditional Social Structure Those who work (peasants), those who fight (knights), and those who pray (clerics) were the typical social classes; merchants were not categorically definable; presented a conundrum to society Civ 04-04-08 Religious Expression Three Monastic Traditions Solitary Ascetics - no intention to be a part of society; fought evil in own hearts; Stylites and St. Anthony (251-356 AD); start in Egypt and move north; seek God as the sole purpose in life Communal Monasticism - lived in communities to carry out God's work together; most common form; began with St. Benedict of Nursia; did not originally intend to start a community; gathered a following by his own penance; Monte Cassino 529 AD; architectural casualty in Italy during WWII; first monastery; group of like-minded men to worship together; created the Benedictine Rule (guidelines to monkish life); simple and clean lifestyle - poverty, humility, chastity; "ora et labora"; prayer and working to provide for a society; monasteries grew like weeds through northern France and Great Britain Everyday Life - cloistered; people saw monasteries as sources of holiness in the towns around them; thought they would bring favor with God by their existence; monasteries for men, convents for women; Abbot is the head of a monastery; Abbess is the head of a convent; prayed at certain times during the day, but mostly worked; copied manuscripts; scriptoriums copied texts; chronicles - monks were interested in histories of the world; more important to keep a history than to accredit sources, etc., unlike modern scholars; illumination - dressed up texts for fun and accessibility by adding pictures to the side and even the words themselves; added some self-portraits to works in some cases Internal and External Reform - sense growing that monks had become soft, living more plush than they had in the past; reform to go back to the Benedictine Rule; just enough to survive comfortably; Cluny - monastery in France, established by the Duke of Cluny; Cluniac Reform - strict rule as a simple service to God; daughter houses - liked what Cluny had done and became followers of the same path The Mendicants - originally lived in society; believed in following the same rules (poverty, chastity, piety); felt that they needed to go into the community to minister to people St. Francis, 1182-1226 AD; spiritual awakening was that his material culture was wrong; renounced his lifestyle to a bishop and wanted to become a monk; felt he was wearing the wrong clothes and stripped to the buck; went out and spoke to people in their languages with no food or money; vagabond for Christ ... Brother Jeb, anyone?; not licensed by the church, struck ill with the papacy; went to get a license from the papacy rather than staying against them Doctrines - said that the clergy were sacred; everything done in clergy-hood is blessed; i.e., bad people doesn't affect the work he does for Christ; i.e., baptism by a hypocrite doesn't make the baptism invalid as long as he was ordained by God; said everything created was good; the material was not evil, but the church needed to be poor Dominic of Castile, 1170-1221 - wanted to bring the ministry to the Mongols; didn't speak their language; had a very hard time convincing them to listen; papacy asked him to focus elsewhere; asked him to preach to heretics instead; established the order of preachers; made good inquisitors Heresy and the Church Reaction Church believed that the people needed to be cared for; anyone that disagreed with the way they were doing that was a threat. Waldensians - Valdez of Lyon / Peter Waldo; parallel with Francis - started out as a preacher to bring the Civ 04-04-13 The Vikings: Raiding and Settlement Vikings Came down from Scandinavia; moved into Ireland, Britain, and Western Europe; Homelands in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark Viking - "Go Viking" - to get on a long ship and looking for plunder or fast trade Very good sea peoples; "dragon ships"; Pillaged around the Thames and the Seine; moved because of the lack of land in Scandinavia Horns were an "optional extra"; most Vikings did not wear them Areas of Viking Advancement British Isles - first wave interested in plundering the British coastline; Monasteries were seen as very vulnerable points; Lindisfarne (northern Britain); no warning Second wave wanted to settle (Danes); didn't count on English resistance; Alfred the Great (king of Wessex) held them back and kept them from advancing further; Danelaw - Viking settlements; Mercia was also a Viking kingdom Third wave struggled for takeover (Normans); French people that were originally from Scandinavia; Edward the Confessor dies without heirs; three people claim kingship: Harold Godwinson, Duke of Wessex; claimed that Edward told him he could have the throne; William, Duke of Normandy; William the Bastard or William the Conqueror; Harold, King of Norway; Norway or Normandy would each have to lead a military invasion to claim the throne because the Duke of Wessex was already there; Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 AD - Wessex defends against Norway; Battle of Hastings in 1066 - Normandy wins; Battle of the Abby William established a monastery for his victory; Now had to convince the English that he was their king; built castles everywhere; used vassals effectively; claimed ownership of all land in England; wanted to know everything about the land he "owned" and created the "Domesday book" in 1080-1086 AD; people thought it was an invasion of privacy Vikings began to look further west; population density was still too high for the dreams of the Vikings; there was a need for "prestige goods" to prove power/wealth; Iceland - too many people moved there too quickly, depleted supplies quickly; moved further west into Greenland; Erik the Red establishes a colony because it is close to home in 984 AD; North America is settled in 1000 AD by Leif Erickson; Vineland - grapes; Newfoundland; Native Americans were hostile; climate change caused harsh travel conditions; too far from home; Vikings sailed back east Eastern Europe and Western Asia - Principality of Kiev; Slavs, Rus, Novgorod; Rus become the rulers of the Principality of Keiv; Rus ... Russia; 972-1015 AD; Ascention to the throne of Vladimir I; interested in making connections with the Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantines; asks for a wife in return for military help; sent Ana on the condition that Vladimir converts to Christianity; Cyril and Methodius are two Eastern Orthodox Christian Missionaries; sent to help teach Christianity in a native language; Slavonic alphabet is translated from the spoken; translated the gospels into this form; Yaroslav the Wise - Vladimir's son; 1015-1054 AD; realized that the spiritual connection to the Byzantines was great, but they didn't need a political connection; tried to establish independence from Byzantine rule The Magyars: Another Threat from the East 862 AD moved from Asia into Western Europe; not originally interested in control; wanted to loot and plunder; frightened the people they raided; 950 AD, the German emperor realizes he must stop them; Battle of Lechfeld, 955 AD; Germans win; Magyars decide to settle and establish a small kingdom in Hungary around the Danube River; Europeans had no guarantee that they would not return Consequences - power devolved to the local rather than empirical control; castles were used as defensible borders for governmental centers; two social classes: warriors who fought and peasants who worked; shift in land ownership; now belonged to those who could defend it; fewer owners; shift to feudalism Education and Rise of Universities Modern universities were born in Europe; dichotomy between the strong headmaster and the ideals of higher education Cathedral schools - train clergy and teach them Latin; also trained those who wanted to work for local Lords; trained monks and also administrators; Universitas - educational guilds; wandering scholars would travel from city to city; these collections of educators would congeal and end up giving out degrees University of Bologna - law school; students wanted to band together to fight for regulations; better living, better teaching, regulated fees; Corpus Iuris Civilis (CJC) was a major text University of Paris - began as a cathedral school and grew; faculty became a guild; decided they were better qualified than the Bishop to make educational decisions; stayed within a single college for the duration of study, but got a degree from the larger university; Sorbonne - known for theology and philosophy; Avalarde worked at the University of Paris The Curriculum Different from the Greeks and Romans in that they wanted to teach the "truth" as it was perceived at the time; not highly innovative thinking; some tradition of rhetoric to show off what was memorized Trivium - grammar, rhetoric, and logic Quadrivim - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Typical degree periods were about the same as today Civ 04-04-15 [Happy Tax Day!] Medieval Military Might (feudalism a la carte) Greeks were interested in having a hoplite style army; Romans had mercenary and paid armies; with the end of the Carolingian empire, there was no force able to keep a standing army; a system was required to make use of society to defend things Those who work (peasants), Those who fight (knights), and those who pray (clergy) Military Organization Military technology has advanced considerably since Roman times; knights and cavalry were prevalent; high premium on the use of horses in battle; expensive to be a knight; stirrups came from Asia; cannons were used as a ballistic weapon; trebuchet used to hurl things like a catapult to break down walls Origins and Definition Origins - breakdown of Rome caused no major powers to be present and in control; smaller, individual powers arose in several areas on a much smaller scale; Germanic ideas migrated into western Europe; tribes -> vassals and lords; Changes in government; Changes in society - high premium on the warrior; people needed to survive; defense became the knight class; knights become a sense of power or aristocracy Definition - "Feudalism" (modern term); set of similar practices; reciprocal relationship; very political relationship; hierarchy of control between a higher class and a lower class based on what people can provide and what people need; Economics - manorialism (Manor); similar to latifundia; manors had every necessary represented; small village Political Basis: Vassalage Lord and Vassal - Lord was a higher class ruler; Vassal came from “vassus”; lower class that is honorable and fights for the lord; Vassal called retainer because he was retained by a Lord 2 Kinds of Vassals - Castellans lived in the castle and did work around the place; with more land, a lord could give out land to Territorial Vassals; all was irrefutably owned by the lord; while most land and allegiances followed a hierarchical scheme, getting more broad down the class chain, some regional lords would have more than one allegiance to a duke or knights to a regional lord Procedures and Public Ceremonies - the lord is required to provide vassals with protection; vassals provide for the lords by way of proceeds and products; very few written contracts; most ceremonies were legit because they were public ceremonies with witnesses; Homage was the vassal pledging allegiance to a lord; Knighting was promotion of status of a vassal; honored them and made a stronger allegiance to the lord; Investiture was the process of giving vassals something to work with; fiefs were given to vassals symbolically as control of that land; primogeniture - the eldest son inherits the family jewels; without inheritance of this kind, land would infinitely divide across generations until it became impractical to keep Military-based structure so that a duke could call on his lords, who could call on his knights, who could call on his vassals, etc. Church Reaction Civ 04-04-20 (Continued) Who Went? People took wives, children, servants, etc.; not restricted to military; prostitutes; akin to a roaming migration; Ooodalollie! How Fund? Major provisions were required; knights had to pay for themselves and everyone they took; people sold lands, etc. Myth of the Younger Sons - some people saw this as a way to get rid of their younger sons, but the expense was too great to make that practical Provisions Church did not really provide monetarily, but they offered to protect your lands at home Indulgence - offered to cleanse your sins if you died in battle during the Crusades; Right ... So the church now has the power to remove sins. Oy vey. Towards the end, people were able to raise mercenary armies with the funds provided by their vassals. European Knowledge of Islam Not much was known; mostly myths; Christians alike in the East were not distinguished from the Muslims, so allegiances were not formed between them Prelude: La Reconquista Re-conquering the Iberian Peninsula for Christianity Castile and Aragon - two major Christian kingdoms in the re-conquest; slowly pushing south into Al- Andalus (Muslim kingdom); finally reclaiming the area Granada, 1492 AD; defeated the last Muslim king in Spain; Ferdinand and Isabella kicked the Jews out of Spain; Pope denied people in Spain the "right" to go on a Crusade so that they could fight for re- conquest Conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean Islamic States - Seljuk Turks, Sunni; Fatimids, Shia; Abbasids, Sunni; fighting between them distracted them from the Byzantine Crusades; religious and political disputes Christian State - Byzantines are in decline, losing the war against the Turks; no friends in the West; had been declining since 5th cent AD; Great Schism, 1054 AD; final separation of the Eastern Orthodox vs. the Roman Catholic The First Crusade, 1096~1109 AD Only major success for the West; after announcing their presence, the Muslims prepared to defend themselves 1094 AD, Byzantine Emperor requests help from the West; 1095 AD, Pope Urban II sends aid in the form of a Holy War to re-conquer Jerusalem; Preaches Crusades; became a very emotional campaign to everyone Different groups left for the same destination; Organized Crusade first; People's Crusade next, which was emotional but not established; left under the direction of Peter the Hermit Success of the Organized Crusade - Edessa, 1097 AD; Antioch, 1098 AD; Jerusalem, 1099 AD; Tripoli, 1109 AD; taken one after the other; transformed into the Latin Kingdoms or Crusader States Byzantine emperor was furious; wanted his land back; Crusaders did not want to give up the land on principle; those who stayed were not sufficient for a successful occupation Muslims did not take them seriously at first, then began to react; thought at first they were a group of pirates, then realized they were serious; took back Edessa; king Zengi and his nephew Salah ed din / Saladin Second Crusade, 1145~1190 AD Zengi is in control of Edessa in 1140s; Another Crusade is launched, this time with the intent to convert or conquer infidels; sparked the Northern Crusades, etc. Saladin realized the only way to push the Christians out was to unite the Egyptians and his people; buit his own coalition; takes over Egypt; uses that force to take over the Crusader States Battle of Hattin, 1187 AD - first major victory of Saladin; close to Nazareth; made very effective use of weather; built fires around Christian camps to exhaust them before battle; Christians lose; began to reclaim cities on the coast Jerusalem, 1187 AD - reclaimed later in the year; took it in stride; reclaimed without killing most people; let them go for fees or for free if poor; "gentlemanly"; Christians were shocked Third Crusade, 1189~1191 AD Saladin had the advantage this time; Europeans send three charismatic kings - Frederick I, Richard I, and Phillip II Augustus; Richard and Phillip do not get along; Frederick dies on the way over; remaining kings are in an internal power struggle Seige of Acre - lost to Saladin; never reclaim Jerusalem; Richard negotiates Christian access to Jerusalem; Europeans were somewhat unhappy; Richard never enters Jerusalem himself; negotiated entrance without weapons, then could pick them up and leave later Saladin is permanently entrenched; he establishes his own empire; lasts slightly beyond his death; established just long enough to remove the "Christian threat"; marks the end of the Crusader States Fourth Crusade, 1202~1205 AD Original goal was to travel to Egypt and go North to Jerusalem; contracted with shipbuilders in Venice to build ships; Crusaders could not pay for all of the ships - didn't have enough people to make enough money Offered a deal to take Zara over in return for passage; 1202 AD, Crusaders take Zara, a Western Christian city; the Pope is furious an excommunicates people; allows reentry in order to let people go on the Crusade Offered another deal to take Constantinople to solve a Byzantine imperial spat; king on the throne had offered money, but didn't pay up when the time came; Crusaders use a riot in 1204 to conquer Constantinople; the Pope is still furious, but claims Constantinople as part of the Roman Catholic church; Latin kingdom established Crusade never reaches the Holy Lands Crusades in Europe Albigensian Crusade, 1209 AD - the church had tried to bring them back to Roman Catholicism; launched a crusade to accomplish this; turned into a political tool; Count of Tolouse; Northern Crusades, 1233 AD - attempt to bring the Northerners into the church; Teutonic Knights carried monastic vows but took care of military occupation; Conrad of Mazovia asks for help from the Knights; asks for help converting the Prussians; offers them the land they conquer; the Pope backs them; knights establish their own kingdom there; put a lot of money into developing the land and giving something back for the people who lived there, but retained full control Jews in the Middle Ages Crusades - several crusaders attacked Jewish centers in France and Germany; Rouen was the first city attacked; the Pope failed to stop them Status Decline - 4th Lateran Council, 1215 AD; decided that everyone had to dress certain ways to identify people; one of the origins of Jewish badges; no Jew could hold a Christian job Economic problems - pushed the Jews out of cities; became bankers to kings; held them at the mercy of the kings they loaned to Accusations - myths that Jews were malevolent towards Christians; Chaucer, Prioress's Tale; myths persisted into literature Pressure to Convert - great pressure to convert Jews to Christianity; "only half Christians"; converted were called "Conversos"; once a Jew, always a Jew - watched very carefully even after conversion Expulsions - Jews were expelled from several kingdoms throughout this time period; Expelled from England because the king didn't want to pay them back; took some refuge in the Islamic world; often told they could not take money with them