Colonial Policies and Native American Resistance in North America, Quizzes of World History

Download Colonial Policies and Native American Resistance in North America and more Quizzes World History in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 California Missions DEFINITION 1 Established by Franciscan priests. They assaulted the Indians traditional religions, insisted on baptism, and tried to transform them into communities of Christian peasants living within the sound of mission bells. These missions were backed by Spanish military. They attempted to concentrate Indian populations into mission communities at a time when new epidemic diseases were at a peak. Franciscan oppression backed by Spanish military and combined with the disruption of traditional lifeways and economies, produced suffering and resentment that occasionally burst out into open violence. However, thousands of Indians became nominal Catholics who accepted certain aspects and symbols of Christianity without abandoning their own traditions- essentially they created their own Christianity. Indians in missions usually suffered hunger, disease and abuse. In California, the missions also converted the Indians into a labor force. The missionaries recruited laborers to grow, plant, harvest and grind corn, to carry out building projects and to work as bearers and household servants all in the name of the lord. TERM 2 Sir William Johnson and Molly Brant DEFINITION 2 Molly Brant was a supporter of the English during the Revolutionary War due to her marriage to Sir William Johnson who was a Brittish superintendent who was good at the play- off system/ the middle ground. Their marriage was at furst a political union to unite the Mohawks and the Brittish but became a loving relationship (with some bumbps). However, Johnson chastised womens roles in policy and their power claiming that women in politics was not necessary. He always tried to adjust the matrilinical customs of the mohawks by trying to remove women from the council. After he died, the connection to the Brittish stayed alive through Molly Brant who helped during the Senaca confrontation. Also, European males failed to eradicate the influence of Iroquois clan mothers and Molly Brants influence increased after his death and she remained a considerable presence in British Iroquois diplomacy. She sought respect from Mowhawkan territory and the British crown offered her a pension after the war. TERM 3 Mary Jemison DEFINITION 3 American who was captured and adopted as a teenager in 1758 and lived with the Senecas in the Ohio region. She married an Indian husband and had an indian family. She wanted to live with the Indians instead of returning home. She wrote about her life called A narrative of her life (1824). She accounts the process of adoption which was a sacred tradition. It was tradition when one of the Indians was slain or captured in battle to give to the nearest relative a prisoner or scalp of an enemy to replace numbers and keep families together or to execute revenge. Her duties in the tribe included nursing the children and doing light work around the house. She learned their language and she noted that Indians will be Indians in spite of all means that can be used for their cultivation in the science and arts. TERM 4 Treaty of Fort Finney DEFINITION 4 - The Treaty of Fort Finney, also known as the Treaty at the Mouth of the Great Miami, was signed in 1786 between the United States and Shawnee leaders after the American Revolutionary War, ceding parts of the Ohio country to the United States. The treaty was reluctantly signed by the Shawnees, and later renounced by other Shawnee leaders. The Northwest Indian War soon followed. TERM 5 Proclamation of Line of 1763 DEFINITION 5 The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. The purpose of the proclamation was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. The Royal Proclamation continues to be of legal importance to First Nations in Canada. The Proclamation was signed at the Treaty of Paris after Britian was victorious in the French and Indian war. France handed over to Britian Canada and its claims east of the Mississippi and transferred Louisiana to Spain. As a result of Pontias War Parlimant was nervous and tried to establish control by establishing the Royal Proclamation of 1763. - The Proclamation said that no one (individuals/ countries) will move past the Ohio territory or buy land from the Indians. Only the British government will act diplomatly to acquire those lands. The crown wanted land but wanted to acquire it orderly to avoid a costly war/ violence from the Indians. o The British attempted to regulate the frontier to avoid further inian wars and resistance. o The crown wanted to regulate settlement of the Ohio country (lands TERM 6 Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts DEFINITION 6 -It was passed in 1790 in an effort to regulate conditions on the frontier and reaffirm that conduct of Indian affairs was reserved to the federal government, not that states. Only liscensed traitors were permitted to operate in Indian country and no transfers of Indian land were valid without congressional approval. The acts were renewed constantly until 1834. This however was usually disreguarded by frontier settlers, squatters, speculators and states. States who were resentful of attempts by the federal government to restrict their rights, frequently made treaties that never got congressional approval. These laws also reaffirmed Indian controls over Indian affairs (they could govern themselves but were always subject to the Federal Government) and were an attempt to protect Indians (act as an advocate) from abuse of the states and moving settlers. This policy was similar to British policy (royal Proclamation if 1763) because the federal govt was attempting to centralize Indian affairs. TERM 7 Handsome Lake DEFINITION 7 In 1799, a hard drinking Seneca named Handsome Lake, who lay ill and close to death experienced a vision in which the Creator awakened him to a new religion and a new way of life for Iroquois people. Handsome Lake strived to bring the good message to his people. His religion which was called the Longhouse religion was based on his teachings combined with traditional beliefs and Christian additions, adopted from Quaker missionaries to the Senecas. Handsome Lake preached that Iroquois people should live in peace with the United States and with one another and based many of his teachings on the Great Law of Peace. He denounced alcohol (and his previous lifestyle) and factionalism and emphasized the importance of education and farming. He espoused the new social gospel in which men now did the farming and husbands headed the nuclear family, in place of society based on matrilineal, extended families. At the same time his teachings also incorporated thanksgiving festivals and other ceremonies from their old religion and denounced the sale of land. Important because it meant a new way of living but also offered hope in a time of spiritual crisis and a means of coping. TERM 8 William Apess DEFINITION 8 (17981839) was a Native American writer, preacher and politician of the Pequot tribe. He wrote Eulogy on King Phillip which documents how an Englishman named Joshua Tefft, who had an Indian wife who was at the Narragansett stronghold at the time of the attack was captured hanged and quartered by Puritans which was described in Eulogy of King Phillip. The Eulogy of King Phillip was an account of the life and death of Metacom (aka King Philip), the seventeenth-century Wampanoag resistance leader who formed a multitribal coalition. William Apess claimed to be descended from this man. In this "eulogy," Apess likens King Philip to George Washington and excoriates New Englanders for their treatment of Indians past and present. King Phillips war began because the Wampanoags believed the Puritans had poisoned their sachem. Scattered acts of violence lead to the war and King Phillips warriors ambushed English militia and burned English towns. In 1675, the English declared war on the Naragansetts interpreting their offer as sanctuary to noncombatants from other tribes as an act of violence. Englishmen marshed to the Narragansett stronghold and hundreds of men, women and children died in what was called the Great Swamp Fight documented by Apess. TERM 9 Alexander McGillivray DEFINITION 9 (December 15, 1750 February 17, 1793) was a leader of the Creek (Muscogee) Indians during and after the American Revolution who worked to establish a Creek national identity and centralized leadership as a means of resisting European-American expansion onto Creek territory.McGillivray became the principal chief of the Upper Creek towns after his predecessor, Chief Emistigo, died in the summer of 1782, leading a war-party to relieve the British garrison at Savannah, besieged by the Continental Army under General 'Mad' Anthony Wayne. He opposed the 1783 Treaty of Augusta, under which two Lower Creek chiefs ceded Muscogee lands from the Ogeechee to the Oconee rivers to the new state of Georgia. In June 1784 he negotiated the Treaty of Pensacola with Spain, which recognized Muscogee sovereignty over three million acres (12,000 km) of land claimed by Georgia, guaranteed access to the British fur-trading company Panton, Leslie & Company. A loyalist like his father, McGillivray resented much of American Indian policy; however, he did not wish to leave the United States. McGillivray became a leading spokesman for all the tribes along the Florida- Georgia border areas. Alexander McGillivray was a man of remarkable ability is evident from the skill with which he maintained his control and influence over the Creeks, and from his success in keeping both the United States and Spain paying for his influence at the same time. In 1792 he was at once the superintendent- general of the Creek nation on behalf of Spain, the agent of the United States, the mercantile partner of Panton, and "emperor" of the Creek and Seminole nations. McGillivray and 29 other chiefs signed the treaty on behalf of the 'Upper, Middle and Lower Creek and Seminole composing the Creek nation of Indians.' The first treaty negotiated after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, it established the Altamaha and Oconee Rivers as the boundary between Creek lands and the U.S., with the federal government promising to remove illegal white settlers, and the Muscogee agreeing to return runaway black slaves who sought refuge with the tribe, a decision which angered the Seminoles, who included a large number of escaped slaves. Under the treaty, McGillivray became a brigadier general of the U.S., with an annual salary of $1,200. With this money, he acquired three plantations and sixty slaves.Thetreaty pacified the Southern frontier, but the U.S. failed to honor its obligations. TERM 10 Red Sticks DEFINITION 10 Red Sticks is the English term for a traditionalist faction of Creek Indians who led a resistance movement which culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813. The term "red sticks" is derived from the red-colored war clubs and the alleged magical red sticks used by Creek shamans. This faction of Creeks aggressively supported traditional views of Creek society such as hunting and communal land. Inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh and angered by the unrestrained encroachment of white culture, Red Sticks went to war against their own pro-European Creeks. The Red Sticks came primarily from the Upper Towns of Creek Territory and opposed white acculturation. The Red Stick War, more commonly called the Creek War, raged from 18131814. During the war, Redsticks would lash out at symbols of white influence. They would kill domesticated animals, break farming equipment, and burn crops. Metal pots and pans as well as spun cloth would be routinely gathered and destroyed. Following a successful attack on a white expedition at the Battle of Burnt Corn in 1813, the Red Sticks determined to attack and destroy Fort Mims in the Mississippi Territory. The massacre had significant short and long-range implications. The fall of the fort started a major Indian war in the South that resulted in a substantial build-up of