Urban Growth and Development: Historic and Modern City Functions and Factors, Slides of Geology

Download Urban Growth and Development: Historic and Modern City Functions and Factors and more Slides Geology in PDF only on Docsity! Historic City Functions  Commercial Centers - Fresno, Venice, New York  Industrial Cities - Manchester, Detroit, Los Angeles  Primary Resources - Scotia, Minas Gerais, Nevada City  Resort Cities - Santa Barbara, Las Vegas, Marseille  Government / Religious Centers - Monterey, D.C., Brasilia  Education Centers - Palo Alto, Berkeley Docsity.com Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq) Jericho 10,000 B.C. Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq) Walled cities based on agricultural trade Ziggurat (stepped temple) Ancient Ur in Iraq Docsity.com ail Ud O AQE Growth Stage Energy Base Transport Channel Critical Location Spatial Pattern Sample Cities : : « Boston Eran . ae (horses & + seaports on river wee in agricultural evan aes : ayia « rivers (flatboats) me f linear dispersion along trans- oe LAND «© wind, water a oceans (calling ships « agricultural villages hinieRUPalte « Hartford aon ee « Charleston SSCL EONEL « rivers (steamboats) + interior ports on linear dispersion along major + eerie pas estean engines + canals (steamboats) rivers ae canals pitta a ate LABOR (wood) ae y «Pittsburgh 6s coat BUA * iron railroads (to « interior rail nodes at apBGH cartes a aanaRteate 1840-605 : 3 extend hinterlands lake, sea, d river ‘ + Chicago steam engines the national markets [CAPITAL only) ports 1860-19205 = Seat + steel railroads « rail centers without dispersed in western and « ballas AGE OF atte (specialized cars and regard to water southern US periphery to « San | ENTERPRISE EB n fost service) sites access natual resources Francisca « internal sop D Sse many different types highways, airports Ieper nevensiepc en Los Angeles [20- engines ae tp eA ee centers in the periphery 2 ees of transport now follow cities © Miami I ION « natural gas & based an amenity resources Docsity.com Industrialization has driven urbanization • Since 1950, urban populations have quadrupled. – Due to a growing human population and increased movement to cities – By 2050, urban populations will grow by 94%. • In developed nations, urbanization has slowed. – Suburbs: the smaller communities that ring cities • Developing nations are urbanizing rapidly. – People are searching for jobs and urban lifestyles. Docsity.com Various factors promote urban growth • American cities grew rapidly. – Immigration and trade – Crowding and deteriorating economic conditions drove residents to suburbs. – Current policies can improve city centers. • Cities in southern and western states have grown. – People in northern and eastern states moved in search of warmer weather or more space. Docsity.com Urbanization in developing countries • Most fast-growing cities are in developing countries. – Less need for farm labor due to industrialization – Wars, conflict, and ecological degradation are driving people to cities. • Many of these cities face overcrowding, pollution, and poverty. – Their economic growth does not match their population growth. Docsity.com Suburbanization: in the wealthiest countries people have moved to suburbs • By the mid-1900s, the U.S. and other countries had accumulated more people than jobs. – Unemployment caused poverty and crime. – Affluent city dwellers moved to cleaner, less-crowded suburbs. • Suburbs had advantages of space and privacy. – More space, better economic conditions, cheaper real estate, less crime, and better schools • But natural space decreases with increasing suburbs. – People have to drive everywhere, increasing traffic congestion. Docsity.com People in suburbs take up more space On average in the U.S., each suburban resident takes up 11 times as much space than a city dweller. Docsity.com Some seek sustainability for cities • Cities must stop importing resources and exporting wastes. – Destabilizes environmental systems and are not sustainable • Urban ecology: cities can be viewed as ecosystems that recycle and use renewable energy – Use resources efficiently and recycle – Develop environmentally friendly technologies – Account fully for external costs – Offer tax incentives for sustainable practices – Use locally produced resources – Use organic waste and wastewater to restore soil fertility – Encourage urban agriculture Docsity.com Sprawl • Houses and roads supplant more than 1 million ha (2.5 million acres) of U.S. land per year. • Sprawl: the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center – Physical spread of development is greater than the rate of population growth. – Phoenix, Arizona’s population grew 12 times larger between 1950 and 2002, while its land area grew 27 times larger. Docsity.com Several types of development lead to (a) Uncentered commercial strip development (b) Low-density single-use development “Copyright © Z008 Pearson Education Inc., pubtehing 2s Peers Benjamin Curing ‘Copyrghi#® 2008 Peareon Educston Ins, publishing a Pearson Beejamin Cumminge ) (c) Scattered, or leapfrog, development (d) Sparse street network Coppighi® 2900 Pearson Education, nc., pubbshing as Peorece Berjarin Cummings ‘Coppnight © 2008 Pearson Education, inc, pabltshng a Pearson Beryarén Cunmings What else is wrong with sprawl? • Health: promotes physical inactivity because driving cars replaces walking – Increases obesity and high blood pressure • Land use: less land is left as forests, fields, farmland, or ranchland – Loss of ecosystem services, recreation, aesthetic beauty, wildlife habitat • Economics: drains tax dollars from communities – Money goes to new communities for roads, water and sewer systems, electricity, police and fire services, schools in new developments Docsity.com re ELE. wf es | ETC ea was nd f ad ge ; J ae Phoenix, Arizona City and regional planning • City (urban) planning: the professional pursuit that attempts to design cities to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty – Planners advise policymakers on development options, transportation needs, public parks, etc. • City planning grew throughout 20th century – Expanding urban populations, inner cities decayed, and wealthier residents fled to suburbs • Regional planning: deals with same issues as city planning, but with broader geographic scales that must coordinate with multiple municipal governments Docsity.com Urban Planning Building Better Cities How to Make a Great City Famous Planned Cities  Canberra, Australia  Brasilia, Brazil  Washington, D.C.  Irvine, CA  Seaside, FL  Poundbury, England Smart Growth  Pedestrian Friendly  Public Transit  Increase Density  Mix Ethnic and Income Groups  Mix Residential, Commericial, and Recreational Uses Docsity.com What kinds of cultural values are reflected in this landscape? Docsity.com Smart growth • Smart growth: urban growth boundaries and other land use policies to control growth • Proponents promote: – Rejuvenating older existing communities – Building “up, not out” – Focusing development in existing areas – Favoring multistory shop-houses and high-rises Docsity.com Train and bus systems • Light rail systems are rapidly increasing. • Governments can encourage mass transit. – Raise fuel taxes and tax inefficient modes of transport – Reward carpoolers, encourage bicycle use and bus ridership – Charge trucks for road damage – Invest in renewed urban centers Docsity.com Parks and open spaces are key elements • City dwellers want escape from noise, commotion, and stress. • Natural lands, public parks, and open space provide greenery, scenic beauty, freedom, and recreation. – Protect ecological processes • Parks originated in America at the end of the 19th century. • Even small spaces can make a big difference. – Playgrounds, community gardens, greenways Docsity.com