History of EE: Electricity, Transistors - Lecture Slides | EL ENG 40, Study notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Download History of EE: Electricity, Transistors - Lecture Slides | EL ENG 40 and more Study notes Electrical and Electronics Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! EE40: Introduction to Microelectronic Circuits Summer 2004 Alessandro Pinto apinto@eecs.berkeley.edu Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 2 Staff
TAs
Wei Mao maowei@eecs.berkeley.edu
Renaldi Winoto winoto@eecs.berkeley.edu
Reader
Haryanto Kurniawan haryanto@uclink.berkeley.edu Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 5 Table of contents
Circuit components
Resistor, Dependent sources, Operational amplifier
Circuit Analysis
Node, Loop/Mesh, Equivalent circuits
First order circuit
Active devices
CMOS transistor
Digital Circuits
Logic gates, Boolean algebra
Gates design
Minimization
Extra Topics CAD for electronic circuits Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 6 Prerequisites
Math 1B
Physics 7B Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 7 Lecture 1
Illustrates the historical background
Electricity
Transistor
Monolithic integration
Moore’s law
Introduces signals: Analog and Digital Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 10 History of EE: Integration Jack S. Kilby (1958)Resistor Capacitor Inductor Diode Transistor Monolithic (one piece) circuits: built form a silicon substrate Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 11 Today’s Chips: Moore’s Law Gordon Moore, 1965 Number of transistor per square inch doubles approximately every18 months
Implications
Cost per device halves every 18 months
More transistors on the same area, more complex and powerful chips
Future chips are very hard to design!!!
Fabrication cost is becoming prohibitive Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 12 Today’s Chips: An Example 300mm wafer, 90nmP4 2.4 Ghz, 1.5V, 131 m2 90nm transistor (Intel) Hair size (1024px) Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 15 Analog Circuits
It is an electronic subsystem which operates entirely on analog signals Amplifier i(t) o(t) o(t) = K i(t) Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 16 Digital Circuits
It is an electronic subsystem which operates entirely on numbers (using, for instance, binary representation) 1-bit Adder a b sum carry 1011 0101 0110 0000 carrysumba Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 17 Encoding of Digital Signals
We use binary digits
Two values: {0 , 1}
Positional system
Encoded by two voltage levels
+1.5 V → 1 , 0 V → 0 +1.5 V +1.5 V 0 V 5 101 +1.5 V 0 V threshold 0 1 noise margin Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 20 Digital Representation of Analog Signals t f(t) Dynamic Range: [-30,30] µV Precision: 5 µV t Sampling 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 -5µV -10µV -15µV -20µV -25µV -30µV Quantization1011 0100 0101 0110 0001 0010 1001 1100 0100 0011 0010 0011 Result Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 21 Digital Representation of Logic Functions
Boolean Algebra:
Variables can take values 0 or 1 (true or false)
Operators on variables:
a AND b a·b
a OR b a+b
NOT b b
Any logic expression can be built using these basic logic functions
Example: exclusive OR Lect. 1 - 06/21/2004 Alessandro Pinto, EE40 Summer 2004 22 Full Adder Example 1-bit Adder a b sum carry 1011 0101 0110 0000 carrysumba