US Ethnic and Racial Groups: Immigration, Discrimination, and Social History, Slides of Sociology

Download US Ethnic and Racial Groups: Immigration, Discrimination, and Social History and more Slides Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! History of Ethnic and Racial Groups in the US Docsity.com IMMIGRATION THROUGHOUT 200+ YEARS OF U.S. HISTORY • Immigration Viewed as a “New Issue” – BUT: • It Occurred In Colonial Days – Mid 1600s: – Jewish Refugees from Brazil • Tauro Synagogue, Rhode Island in Colonial Time – Quakers – French Huguenots – Scots – Germans – Scots-Irish – Welsh – Catholics NOT Welcome – Banned from All Colonies at Various Points Docsity.com AMERICAN VIEWS OF MULTI- CULTURALISM • Who Is NOT Part of Multi-Culturalism? • ALL Groups Are Part of Multi-Culturalism • This INCLUDES White Protestants • WASPs Believe Theirs Is NOT a “Culture” – But “The Natural Order of Things” • This Pattern Existed From U.S. Colonial Times Docsity.com HISTORY OF WHITE PROTESTANTS • Dominant White Group As Part of the Mix – English Protestants • Competed With & Attacked Native Americans – German Protestants • Sought State of Texas; Fought for German Language – Scotch & Scotch-Irish – At Least Knew English – Scandinavians – Made Wisc & Minn Their Home Docsity.com MIGRATION IN THE 1800S • Immigration Reduced After Revolutionary War • 1830s: Migration Increased Again • 1840s: Migration Nearly Tripled – Potato Famine in Ireland – Overpopulation & Poor Economy in Europe – Irish & Germans Dominated – English, Scots, Welsh from British Isles – Scandinavians – Canadians (Both English & French Speaking) Docsity.com SPECIAL POSITION FOR PEOPLE OF COLOR • African-Americans: Special Targets – Only Group to Be Enslaved – Had Near Total Non-Free Immigration • Native Americans: – Land Taken Them, Forced Move to Reservations • Hispanics: Not Really Immigrants – Mexican Homes Invaded by Texas  U.S.A. Docsity.com THE GREAT IMMIGRATION: 1890-1920 • During This Period: – 18.2 Million Immigrants Entered U.S. – Watershed Separating “New” vs. Old Immigration – Included: • Southern & Eastern Europeans – Italians – Polish – Slavs • Jews – Pacific Islands – Caribbean Islands • Scandinavians – British – Irish – Canadians – Mexicans • Magyars – Greeks – Japanese • Some Tradesmen & Merchants • Many Farmers, Unskilled Laborers Docsity.com REACTING TO THE INFLUX • What Accompanied After the Huge Invasion? • FEAR on the Part of White Americans • Worried About Impact of So Many Immigrants • Immigrants So Different From Earlier Ones • Concerned About Impact on the Society • Ability of U.S. to Absorb/Assimilate Them All • Increased Opposition to Immigration Docsity.com CONSEQUENCE FOR LATER IMMIGRATION • 1930s: Only 500,000 Immigrants to U.S. – (vs. 18.2 Million from 1890-1920) • All of These Groups Brought Different Cultures, Languages, Customs • Many Immigrants Returned Home • 1940s: Post WW II Refugees – U.S. Reluctant to Accept War-Displaced Persons • U.S. Resisted Any Immigrant Accommodations Docsity.com MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS: 1st 2/3 OF 20TH CENTURY Catholic: Irish, Italian, Polish Jews African-Americans Native-Americans Hispanics Docsity.com THE IRISH • 2nd Irish Immigrant Wave Different from 1st – Post 1840: Greater Number (800K vs. 300K) – Most Knew English – But Otherwise Useless! – Abysmally Poor – Perceived as Lazy, frivolous, drunken, & Catholic! • Great Resentment Toward England • Tenacious Retention of Catholic Religion • Irish Wouldn’t Give Up Religion to Assimilate • Urban – Not Isolated in Rural Areas • Viewed as a Different “RACE” (Not Like “Us”) • U.S. Restrictions Re Catholics Holding Office Docsity.com JEWS: 1ST MAJOR NON-CHRISTIAN GROUP • Jews in Colonial Times – Largely Merchants • German Immigrants – Largely Reformed • 20th Century Jewish Immigrants: – Very Poor, Unskilled – Mainly Orthodox – Hence Very Different – Little Inter-Marriage  No Assimilation • Great Resistance from Protestants – Ku Klux Klan – Not Considered “White” at 1st – Quota Limits in Ivy League Colleges Docsity.com PEOPLE OF COLOR African-Americans Hispanics Native Americans Asians Middle Easterners Docsity.com AFRICAN-AMERICANS: UNIQUE TARGET OF DISCRIMINATION • Only Group Almost Entirely Forced Migration – Came from Different African Villages, Languages – Placed in Separate Parts of U.S. – Small Groups Often Deliberately Separated – Unable to Adjust as Part of a Group • Forced to Live Under Slavery for 200 Years • From Beginning Prohibited from Citizenship • Blacks All Forced to Live as Isolates Docsity.com HISPANICS • Fastest Growing Segment of U.S. Population • Spanish Language (Except Brazil – Portuguese) • Wide Diversity of National Origins • Often View Selves as Separate Communities • Many Are NOT Immigrants – Lived on Southwest U.S. Lands Before Anglos – Texans Moved in & Revolted – Then Joined U.S. • Variety of Skin Colors  Racial Discrimination • Like Whites, Most Are Free Migrants • Population Size Major Discrimination Target Today Docsity.com 1960s IMMIGRATION CHANGES • 1965 Immigration Law: – Eliminated the Old “Quota Law” – Allowed More Immigrants from Asia, Middle East • 21K in 1965  93K 5 Years Later – 1st Limits on Mexican Immigrants  Increase in Undocumented Immigrants • Dramatic Change in U.S. Population: – Hispanic Population Increased by 33%; Asians, by 40% – Increased % of Non-Whites – Different Races (Asians, Blacks) & Religions (Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus) • “Original” White Population Was Appalled! Docsity.com EASTERN & SOUTHERN ASIANS • NOT a Unified Group! – Different Nations, Languages, Cultures, Religions – Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoist, Ancestor Worship • Chinese: 1st – Also Largest Group of Asians • Japanese Followed Chinese (Imprisoned in WW II) • Most Settled in Western States (Closest to Orient) • Asians Originally Banned from Citizenship • Filipinos 2nd Largest Group of Asians – Catholic • Others: Koreans, Vietnamese (War Brides) • Southern Asians (India, Pakistan) – More Recent Docsity.com CONSEQUENCES OF ETHNIC PERSISTENCE IN 21ST CENTURY AMERICA • Ethnic/Racial Population Increases: – Metropolitan Detroit Census Data – 2000 • Social & Cultural Patterns: – Language & Religion – Orientation to the World – Proper Demeanor – Family & Social Group Structures – Social Practices Docsity.com TRI COUNTY ETHNICITY 2000 • Total Population: 4,043,467 • Foreign Born: 325,994 ( 8.1%) • Foreign Language: 438,582 (10.8%) • Black: 1,002,038 (24.8%) • Asian: 101,386 ( 2.5%) • Total Non-White: 1,103,424 (27.3%) Docsity.com MAJOR NATIONALITY GROUPS • German: 641,304 (15.9%) • Polish: 440,914 (10.9%) • Irish: 410,930 (10.2%) • Italian: 265,214 ( 6.6%) • French: 163,500 ( 4.0%) • Hispanic: 118,641 ( 2.9%) • Arabic: 19,185 ( 0.5%) • Iraqi (+Chaldean): 10,104 ( 0.2%) Docsity.com PROPER DEMEANOR • Close Physical Contact In Conversation vs. Respectful Distance • Appropriateness Of Eye Contact • Preference for Direct vs. Indirect Conversation • Formal vs. Informal Agreements – Distrust Consent Forms (esp. Women) • Preference for Formal or Informal Means of Address, Visiting (Polish vs. Irish) • Reluctance to Accept Youth & Women in Formal Statuses Docsity.com SOCIAL DIFFERENCES TO BE CONSIDERED • Family Structure: – Family Statuses; Roles for Women; Roles for Children • Social Practices Based on Beliefs About the Family and Society: – Living Arrangements; Relations Between Generations; Child-Rearing Practices; Visiting Practices; Beliefs About Privacy; Acceptance of Professional “Helpers” • Note: This Training Was Especially Prepared for Professionals in Medical Settings Docsity.com FAMILY STRUCTURE • Family Statuses: – Who is Head of Family? – Who Can Instruct a Man? – Who Can Instruct an Older Person? – Nature of Husband – Wife Relations – Who Decides Whose Activities, Health Care? Docsity.com SOCIAL PRACTICES Based On Beliefs Re Family (ctd) • Child-Rearing Practices: – Who Is Child’s Caregiver: Mother? – Or Grandmother? • Visiting Practices: – Irish (& Arabs): Long, Casual Visits (& Loud!) – Polish: Short, Announced Visits (Patient “Receives”) – Blacks Need Privacy Docsity.com SOCIAL PRACTICES Based On Beliefs Re Family (ctd) • Acceptance of Professional “Helpers” – Many Groups Resist Professional Helpers – Especially with Psychological Services – Irish: Good at Deflecting Information Requests • Nature of Family Support: – Jewish: Social Support Is Critical – Not Acts – Polish: Acts Important – Not Feeling Docsity.com SUMMARY OF SOCIAL & CULTURAL DIFFERENCES • There Are Many Differences Between Racial & Ethnic Groups … EX: – Social Demeanor – Ways of Interacting – Social Status – Beliefs & Attitudes – Preferred Behavior – Degree of Social Restraint or Informality • These Differences Persist Several Generations! • Long After Individual Identifies as “Ethnic”! • Profound Impact on Inter-Group Relations Especially Intermarried Families! Docsity.com RESISTANCE TO IMMIGRATION • Post 1965 Law: Support Migration Restriction • 1994 General Social Survey: – 3/4 Want to Limit Migration – to “Unite” Country • Numerous Issues: – Border Control Issues, Undocumented Immigrants – Refuse Services to Undocumented Aliens (Health) – Distinguishing Between Legal & Illegal Immigrants • Immigrants Complain of Increased Discrimination Docsity.com ENGLISH LANGUAGE MOVEMENT • Establish English as Official U.S. Language • “English Only” Movement in Schools • Eliminate “English as 2nd Language” Classes – How Are They Going to Learn English? • Force Immigrants to Lose Their “Accents” • “No Child Left Behind”  Forces Schools to Eliminate All Programs Not Directed to Tests  Impacts English as 2nd Language Classes Docsity.com RESISTANCE TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION • Policies Ensuring Minorities of Certain Rights – Education, Jobs, to Make Up for Past Inequities • Whites More Accepting of Diversity in General • Less Accepting of Programs to Achieve It • Affirmative Action “Under Siege” (Alba & Nee, 2005) – Bakke (U. Calif, 1978) – 1995 Calif. Eliminated Minority Admissions – Hapwood (U. Texas Law, 1996) – Mich. Law Changes; U. of Mich Cases (Grutter v. Bollinger, Gratz v. Hollinger) • Programs Seen as Threats to White Superiority Docsity.com