History of Science, Technology, and Society, Lecture notes of Anatomy

Download History of Science, Technology, and Society and more Lecture notes Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity! 01: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ✤ What is Science? - Body of organized knowledge - From Latin word “scientia” —means knowledge • Method of obtaining knowledge: (HOLET) ‣ Experiment ‣ Observation ‣ Hypothesis ‣ Theory ‣ Law • Goals: (UPEC) ‣ Explanation ‣ Understanding ‣ Prediction ‣ Control • Language: (MT) ‣ Mathematics and technical vocabulary ✤ What is Technology? - A discourse on an art or arts - An applied Science - Designed to solve practical problems to satisfy human needs and wants - A system based on the application of knowledge manifested in physical objects ✤ What is Society? - A group, large or small, of people in a particular place and time who are linked by common goals and interests ✤ Science and Technology (CWHC) - Airplanes are from aluminum —> Science/concept - Aluminum is a lightweight metal —> technology/application - Have had both positive and negative impact on society especially on the following areas: 1. Community life: ‣ 2. Work: ‣ Technical innovations saved physical energy and lessens people’s physical workload - Example: ‣ Tractor ‣ Refrigerator ‣ Vacuum cleaner ‣ Washing machine ‣ The concept of leisure developed from labor-saving technology. People use the money they earn to take advantage of leisure time. — start of entertainment. - Example: ‣ Television ‣ Movies ‣ Social activities ‣ Sporting events 3. Health: - The greatest innovation of Technology was longevity (in US 1900-2000, life expectancy increased) - A large part of technology has been dedicated to the advancement of Medical Science ‣ In 1778, Edward Jenner was the first to thought of immunization. ‣ In 1928, sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. ‣ If antibiotic fails, go for penicillin ‣ James Simpson, a medical physician, did an unethical research that bumped into chloroform that led him to discover anesthesia. - Current innovations that have impact on society: ‣ In 1997, Dolly the Sheep was introduced. Dolly became the symbol of the controversy over the effects of cloning. Dolly is also the first ever mammal to have been cloned ‣ Embryonic stem cell research opened the venue to generate new organs for transplant. The use of them has many ethical considerations. E.g. in-vitro-fertilization 4. Communication: - Inventions and innovations in communication that have influence on society ‣ Egypt: Papyrus and Hieroglyphics ‣ Ancient Babylonia: Cuneiform ‣ Ancient Greece: Public speaking, Persuasive rhetoric, Drama, and Philosophy ‣ Ancient Rome: Roman Alphabet ‣ Modern Europe: Printing press ‣ World Today: World Wide Web ✤ History (of development of technology) ‣ Nomadic —> Farming —> Development of the city ‣ Evolution, attraction, formulation of roles —> domestication ‣ Ex: hunter > goes hunting > finds way to preserve (salt) ‣ Networks of transportation, communication and trade systems; ‣ Specialized labor ‣ Government and religion ‣ Social class - The 19th century witnessed the Industrial Revolution ‣ Invention of the textile manufacturing machine ‣ Division of labor ‣ Increase in production ‣ Crowded cities ‣ Unsafe and unhealthy conditions 1928 Alexander Fleming 1. Penicillin - the first antibiotic agent 2. Receives Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945 1953 1. Francis Crick 2. James Watson 1. Discovered the DNA structure aided by the work of Rosalind Franklin 2. Receives Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 TRANSPORTATION 1840-1860 Railroads developed rapidly in U.S. and elsewhere 1869 George Westinghouse First compressed-air brake for railroad cars and engine; a huge step in railway safety and operating efficiency 1889-90 Gottlieb Daimler Internal-combustion engines Daimler Chrysler 1892 Rudolph Disel Diesel engine 1896 Henry Ford Gasoline-powered automobile (Ford model T automobile) 1903 1. Wilbur Wright 2. Orville Wright First successful airplane flight COMMUNICATION 1838 Samuel F.B. Morse Improves telegraph (which had been developed in Europe from 1709s onward) by inventing Morse code 1843 Samuel Colt 1. Best known for his revolvers 2. Lays the first underwater telegraph cable between Governor’s island and Battery, New York City NAME CONTRIBUTIONYEAR 1840-60 1. Railroads rapidly developed in U.S. and others 2. Railroads adopted the development of telegraph to provide high speed communications needed to avoid collisions and to manage freight and passenger transport 3. Problems of scheduling led to the timezone 4. Demand from the railroads for construction and operating supplies provided major incentives for the development of U.S. steel 1869 Charles Dowd Proposes standard timezone as means of avoiding railway accidents 1884 Established the standard timezone 1876 Alexander Grahambell Invented the telephone 1877 1891 Thomas Edison 1. Invented the phonograph 2. Motion-picture camera and projector 1888 George Eastman Invents Roll-film-camera (the Kodak) and makes photography accessible to amateurs 1890s 1. Nikola Tesla 2. Guglielmo Marconi 1. Developed the long range radio communication 2. Marconi achieves commercial success; he also receives the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 EVERYDAY LIFE 1884 Ottomar Mergenthaler Invented Linotype machine for printing 1885 Tolbert Lanston Invents Monotype machine for printing NAME CONTRIBUTIONYEAR 1885 1. Ottomar Mergenthaler 2. Tolbert Lanston Together, Linotype and monotype revolutionize the printing of newspapers and magazines 1853 Elisha Otis Safety break for elevator / elevator safety break which makes it reasonably safe, for the first time, to use elevators for human travel 1879 William L.B. Jenney 1. First steel frame skyscraper 2. Skyscraper became possible because of Otis’ development of safety break for elevator had spurred the development of buildings taller than four or five stories. 3. The push to build ever taller building simulated improvements in elevators and other technologies (e.g. stronger steels, power shovels and cranes) involved in construction 1910 First electric washing machine is invented 1927 Way to record sound waves on motion picture film transform from “silent” to “talkies” 1945 Atomic bomb is tested, demonstrated, and used 1952 Hydrogen bomb 1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1969 First landing on the moon NAME CONTRIBUTIONYEAR