HISTORY The Rise of Nationalism in Europe, Lecture notes of Political Sociology

Download HISTORY The Rise of Nationalism in Europe and more Lecture notes Political Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! sa CBSE Mew Mine Term-2 Answer Book HISTORY The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Summative Assessment Worksheets 1 to 11 .........................................3-15 Chapter Test .............................................................15-16 Formative Assessment Worksheets 12 to 15 ..........................................16 The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China Summative Assessment Worksheets 16 to 22 .....................................16-23 Chapter Test ..................................................................24 Formative Assessment Worksheets 23 to 26 .....................................24-25 Nationalism in India Summative Assessment Worksheets 27 to 41 .....................................25-40 Chapter Test .............................................................40-41 Formative Assessment Worksheets 42 to 45 ..........................................41 GEOGRAPHY Minerals and Energy Resources Summative Assessment Worksheets 46 to 54 .....................................42-48 Chapter Test .............................................................48-49 Formative Assessment Worksheets 55 to 58 ..........................................49 Manufacturing Industries Summative Assessment Worksheets 59 to 66 .....................................50-58 Chapter Test .............................................................58-59 Formative Assessment Worksheets 67 to 70 ..........................................59 Lifelines of National Economy Summative Assessment Worksheets 71 to 79 .....................................60-67 Chapter Test ..................................................................68 Formative Assessment Worksheets 80 to 83 ..........................................68 POLITICAL SCIENCE Popular Struggles and Movements Summative Assessment Worksheets 84 to 92 .....................................69-75 Chapter Test .............................................................75-76 Formative Assessment Worksheets 93 & 94 ...........................................76 Political Parties Summative Assessment Worksheets 95 to 100 ...................................76-82 Chapter Test .............................................................82-83 Formative Assessment Worksheets 101 to 104 ......................................83 Outcomes of Democracy Summative Assessment Worksheets 105 to 109 .................................84-87 Chapter Test ..................................................................87 Formative Assessment Worksheets 110 to 113 .................................87-88 Challenges to Democracy Summative Assessment Worksheets 114 to 118 .................................88-92 Chapter Test ..................................................................92 Formative Assessment Worksheets 119 to 122 ......................................93 ECONOMICS Money and Credit Summative Assessment Worksheets 123 to 127 .................................94-97 Chapter Test .............................................................97-98 Formative Assessment Worksheets 128 to 131 ......................................98 Globalisation and the Indian Economy Summative Assessment Worksheets 132 to 138 ...............................99-103 Chapter Test .........................................................103-104 Formative Assessment Worksheets 139 & 140 .....................................104 Consumer Rights Summative Assessment Worksheets 141 to 145 .............................104-108 Chapter Test ................................................................108 Formative Assessment Worksheets 146 & 147 .....................................108 DISASTER MANAGEMENT Formative Assessment Tsunami–The Killer Sea Waves Worksheet 148 ..................................................109 Safer Construction Practices Worksheet 149 ..................................................109 Survival Skills Worksheet 150 ..................................................109 Alternate Communication System During Disasters Worksheet 151 ..................................................109 Sharing Responsibility Worksheet 152 ..................................................109 Practice Papers (1 to 5) ..................................110-147 CONTENTS 5OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 5. 1. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. 2. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs. 6. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So patchwork of small states and kingdoms within Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini’s opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives like Metternich who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order.’ WORKSHEET–4 1. The conservatives believed in the preservation of the established, traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, liberalism emphasised the concept of government by consent and stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. However, equality before the law for the liberals did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. 2. From 1815, conservative regimes began to consolidate their power in Europe. At the same time, revolutions in Europe were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. They took shape in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. ‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 3. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. For example, after Russians occupied Poland, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. 4. In 1848, the rise of food prices and bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in France. Food shortages and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee. 6 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E 5. In the economic sphere, liberalism and the emerging middle classes stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of German-speaking regions, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these had its own currency, and weights and measures. These were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who wanted the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. WORKSHEET–5 1. The French Revolution in 1789 led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. A new French flag, tricolour, was chosen. The Estates General which was elected by the body of active citizens was renamed the National Assembly. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system that was introduced put forward uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, was made the common language of the nation. 2. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Jacobin clubs were set up by students and other members of educated middle classes in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field in the areas conquered by him. The Napoleonic code simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders welcomed the uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency that would facilitate trade. In many areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were seen as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe etc. These harsh laws were unpopular. The French Revolution stood for liberal democracy. However, the right to vote and to 7OITULOS N ST E R M2ND get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men and under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe. 3. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field. The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders welcomed the uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency that would facilitate trade. 4. The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of the French as the national language. WORKSHEET–6 1. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. As a result of Napoleon’s administrative measures, each of the confederation of 39 states created had its own currency, and weights and measures. These were viewed as obstacles by the new commercial classes to economic exchange and growth. They wanted creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time. 2. To make the French Revolution a success it was very important to instil a sense of unity in every citizen. To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed: (i) A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. (ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. (iii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the nation of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. 10 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E In Poland, which was partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia and Austria, national feelings were kept alive by Karol Kurpinski through music and language. Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. The clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance and used Polish in Church gatherings and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. WORKSHEET–8 1. The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example, various political associations, comprising of middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans, came together in Frankfurt to form an all German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored. The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification—a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted the society to get rid of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal. The right to property was also significant in the liberals’ concept of a nation based on political, social and economic freedom. 2. In 1848, the German regions middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the demands. In the end troops were called in and the assembly disbanded. While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of Parliament eroded. The Parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband. 3. A large number of women participated actively over the years in the liberal nationalist movements of Europe. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. 11OITULOS N ST E R M2ND Yet, the issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement. They were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. 4. Italy was politically fragmented into several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. In the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language spoken in different parts of the region had many regional and local variations. In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had aimed to create a unitary Italian Republic. The revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 had failed. The ruler King Victor Emmanuel II unified the Italian states through war. The ruling elites of this region saw a unified Italy as an opportunity for economic development and political dominance. Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He was wealthy and educated. He made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and therefore, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. The Italian population was highly literate and yet they remained unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology. WORKSHEET–9 1. Great Britain is the model of a nation. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was a result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The people of British Isles were from different ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. The English Parliament, which seized power from the monarchy in 1688 was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. The British Parliament was dominated by its English members. Over a period of time Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions and the Catholic clans were systematically suppressed. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland. In Ireland, the English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over a largely Catholic country. The Catholic revolted against British dominance and were brutally suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain, namely the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language were actively promoted and the others remained subordinate partners in this union. 2. Though Napoleon was a dictator and was against democracy but he took certain measures to smoothly and proficiently run the administrative system. (i) Napoleon reformed the French legal system because the old feudal and royal laws were very confusing and conflicting to the people. (ii) The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was a major step in establishing the rule of law. This Code was exported to the regions under French control. 12 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (iii) In countries like the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany feudalism was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues. (iv) All privileges based on birth were taken away. The equality before the law was established and the right to property was secured. (v) Transport and communication systems were also paid attention and were improved. (vi) Low class people like peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were given more freedom. (vii) Uniform laws were adopted for all. Be it a businessman and a small-scale producer of goods—all began to realise that uniform laws, stadardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another. 3. After 1815, European governments were guided by conservative monarchies who believed that the traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. They wanted to use the changes initiated by Napoleon namely, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom to strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy. In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of the European powers — Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria — who had defeated Napoleon, drew up a settlement for Europe under the leadership of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. It did away with most of the changes that had shaped Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent. 4. (a) The French philosopher criticises because he sees nation as a large-scale solidarity. (b) According to Ernst Renan, ‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity...’ (c) Because a nation’s existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master. WORKSHEET–10 1. The Balkans consisted of regions of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, it initiated nationalism in the Balkans states. Soon the feeling of Nationalism spread and the situation became very unstable. The Ottoman Empire tried to control the situation by strengthening itself through modernisation and internal reforms but in vain. Gradually, its European nations got separated and fought for independence and political rights. In the race to expand their territories and to impose their supremacy on each other, Slavic 15OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (iv) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. (v) Giuseppe Mazzini, during the 1830s, sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. (vi) He organised a new political society, called Young Italy. (vii) The failure of revolutionary uprisings, both in 1831 and 1848, meant that the responsibility now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. (viii) Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. (ix) Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. (x) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. (xi) In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the united Italy. Chapter Test 1. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria 2. Prussia 3. Freedom of press, end of autocracy and clerical privileges. 4. Johann Gottfried Herder 5. 1804 6. It refers to an ideal vision of society 7. In 1815 8. It recognised Greece as an independent state 9. 1. A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. 2. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people. 10. 1. A customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states in 1834 as a wave of economic nationalism started to spread the wider nationalist sentiments. 2. The union: (a) abolished tariff barriers, (b) reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. (c) promoted the setting up of a network of railways to stimulate mobility, and to harness economic interests for national unification. 11. In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria collectively drew up a settlement for Europe. It brought in the new ‘Metternich system’ in Europe with the aim of undoing the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of 16 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–12 A. 1. nation-state 2. Napoleonic Code of Conduct of 1804 3. Austria–Hungary 4. liberalism 5. zolleverein or customs union 6. Louis Philippe 7. Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles 8. Italia 9. United Kingdom of Great Britain 10. First World War in 1914 WORKSHEET–13 A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F WORKSHEET–14 A. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) B. Do it yourself. WORKSHEET–15 Do it yourself. THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–16 1. Tran Hung Dao, Trieu Au and the Trung Sisters led early efforts to win independence from China. 2. It was tapping Vietnamese nationalism, promising independence and pledging democratic reforms. 3. Because control of Indo-China would restore France’s faltering prestige. 4. Because of his deeply held communist beliefs. 5. Colons 6. It was struck by bubonic plague. 7. Vietnamese looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam. 8. (a) The Communists’ victory in the Chinese Civil War. (b) The strong realization that the loss of further territory to communism would come at a steep domestic political price. 17OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 9. The fall of Indo-China to communism would rapidly lead to Communist domination of all of south-east Asia. 10. (a) The price of rice and rubber fell. (b) There was an increase in unemployment. 11. A prison where people were detained illegally and subjected to torture. 12. Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia are associated with Indo-China. 13. The Chinese culture in uenced the elites in Vietnam. 14. Ngo Diem WORKSHEET–17 1. Colonies were organised with two objectives in mind: Firstly, colonies supplied natural resources and other essential goods to the mother country. Secondly, France thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples. The French built canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. It was built with forced labour. As a result rice production increased and it began to be exported to international markets. This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrison and control the entire region. They constructed trans-Indo-China rail network that linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China by 1910. The second line, linking Vietnam to Siam (old name of present day Thailand), via the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh was built. 2. Apart from education, deteriorating health and hygiene in the country also agitated Vietnamese and inspired the nationalist feelings among them. The French set about to create a modern Vietnam. For this they decided to rebuild Hanoi. They used modern technological skills to build a new and modern city. In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. It happened because (i) The French part of Hanoi was built into a beautiful and clean city with wide streets and a well-laid-out sewer system, while the ‘native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities. (ii) The waste and rubbish was drained straight out into the river and during heavy rains or floods it would overflow into the streets. (iii) The sewers served as a medium of transfer of rats into the city. This led to the origin of the plague. The discrimination and negligence of French towards Vietnamese health and hygiene agitated their minds and encouraged them to unite against the French colonial rule. 3. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude towards religion and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to worship the supernatural as something to be corrected. Thus, from the eighteenth century, many religious movements came into existence which were hostile to the Western presence. The Scholars Revolt in 1868 was an example of such a movement. This movement was against French control and the spread of Christianity. 4. The Hoa Hao movement contained religious fervour. It began in 1939 and was popular in the Mekong delta area, region of Vietnam. The founder of Hoa Hao movement was a man called Huynh Phu So. He performed 20 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (b) This school was a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam on account of the aforementioned. It rejected traditional Vietnamese education, language, culture and lifestyle, and in that sense discriminatory. (c) Classes were held in the evenings and the fees had to be paid separately. 3. Phan’s most influential book is The History of the Loss of Vietnam. The book focuses on two connected themes: (a) The loss of sovereiguty, and (b) The severing of ties with China—ties that bound the elites of the two countries within a shared culture. 4. (a) The French built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market. (b) Then they started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region. (c) Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun. 5. One group emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction. By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to European France’. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French. Other group was opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes. WORKSHEET–20 1. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a strong effect on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, resulting in rising rural debts, unemployment and rural uprising in the poorest provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were quick to react and protest. The French suppressed these uprisings by bombing demonstrators through planes. To organise the protest, in February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, which was later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties. In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. The nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought against the Japanese occupation of Vietnam and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman. 2. As the nationalist movement of Vietnam grew, a new image of womanhood emerged. The women who rebelled against social norms were idealised by the writers and political thinkers. In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her choice, who was involved in nationalist politics. Rebel women of the past were celebrated to inspire the people. In 1913, Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE. In this play he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. They came to be idealised and glorified. 21OITULOS N ST E R M2ND Other venerated women rebels include Trieu Au who lived in the third century CE. In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated. Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers. They were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country. A number of women got inspired and came forward to join the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail volunteers kept open 2,195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points. 1.5 million women were in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams. 3. (a) Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was a nationalist. He was educated in the Confucian tradition. He organized anti-colonial resistance by forming the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head. (b) They shared a common point which was independence of Vietnam from colonial occupation. (c) Trinh wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; Phan Boi Chau, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out. He wanted to make use of the monarchy, which was opposed absolutely by Trinh, who planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy. 4. The two broad opinions were: In Favour 1. Some policy makers emphasized the need to use French as the medium of instruction. 2. They felt that Vietnamese by learning the language would be introduced to the culture and civilization of France. 3. This would help in creating an ‘Asiatic France’ solidly tied to ‘European France’. 4. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments, superiority of French and work for them. Against 1. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes. 2. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with French citizenship. WORKSHEET–21 1. Paul Bernard was a great writer and policy-maker. He strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of gaining control over colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would be able to buy more goods. As a result, the market would expand which would lead to better profits for French business. Paul Bernard’s views on the economy of Vietnam: He knew that some of the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam were, the increased levels of population, low agricultural productivity and heavy debts among peasants. The economy of Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations which were owned by French and the elite Vietnamese. Indentured labour was used in the rubber plantations. 22 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E According to Bernard, land reforms required to be carried out to increase productivity and thereby reduce rural poverty just like the Japanese had done in the 1890s. But it would not ensure sufficient employment. Bernard believed that in order to create more jobs industrialisation was necessary but the French colonisers were not doing much to industrialise the economy of Vietnam. 2. The French dismantled the traditional educational system and established their own system and justifying their colonial rule. Therefore, all teachers and students blindly followed the new curriculum and sometimes even resisted them: (a) When the number of Vietnamese teachers increased in lower classes the teachers modified the text and taught according to their traditional understanding. (b) The students of the Saigon Native Girls School staged a historic protest in 1926 when a Vietnamese student sitting in one of the front seats in class was asked to sit at the back to allow a French student occupy the front seat. When the Vietnamese student refused to give up her front seat she was expelled leading to further protests. With the government intervention the expelled student had to be taken back causing resentment among the French. (c) Vietnamese students resisted French efforts to prevent ‘white collar’ jobs to the Vietnamese. This was inspired by patriotic feeling among educated students who were convinced that it was their duty to fight. (d) The Vietnamese elite as well as the French saw their positions threatened by the new educated Vietnamese students. (e) Vietnamese students organised political parties like the Party of Young Annan and schools became an important place for political and cultural battles. (f) Students published various nationalist journals such as the Annanese Student. 3. The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict with the colonisers in all areas of life. The French after landing in Vietnam in 1858 began to establish military and economic control over the country. The colonial economy in Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite. Rail and first facilities were setup to service this sector. Indentures Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations. The French did nothing to industrialise the economy of Vietnam. In rural areas landlordism spread and the standard of living declined. School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward, capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection. In the field of religion too, the conflict started against the French. Several religious movements were initiated in Vietnam because they were hostile to the western presence. 4. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. The new republic faced a number of problems. (a) The French tried to regain their control taking help of the emperor, Bao Dai, their puppet. They became successful in forcing Vietminh to retreat to the hills. (b) The Supreme French Commander of the French armies, General Henry Navarre had declared confidently in 1953 that they would soon be victorious. But this did not happen. (c) On 7 May 1954, the Vietminh destroyed and captured more than 16,000 soldiers of the French Expeditionary Corps. (d) The entire commanding staff, including a general, 16 colonels and 1,749 officers were made prisoners. 25OITULOS N ST E R M2ND WORKSHEET–24 A. 1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) B. Do it yourself. WORKSHEET–25 and 26 Do it yourself. NATIONALISM IN INDIA SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–27 1. Satyagraha was the chief weapon. 2. In South Africa 3. At Champaran 4. Khalifa was the spiritual head of the Islamic World. 5. In the Congress Session at Nagpur. 6. Because Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places. 7. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 8. Hind Swaraj 9. To help the Indigo workers 10. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 11. The right of habeas corpus was suspended. 12. To protest against the Rowlatt Act. 13. Gandhi-Irwin Pact 14. To know the people of Champaran 15. It was a commission set up in 1928 in India to look into the functioning of the Constitutional system in India. WORKSHEET–28 1. In South Africa, Gandhiji had successfully fought the racist regime with a unique method of mass agitation called satyagraha. Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this new dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. 2. A Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold itself in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. 26 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched. 3. The idea of satyagraha is based on the power of truth and non-violence. According to Mahatma Gandhi, it is not a passive resistance but it calls for intense activity. Satyagraha is pure soul force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. Non-violence is the supreme dharma of satyagraha. 4. (a) As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes. People clashed with the police and attacked government buildings. (b) The government responded with ruthless repression. They humiliated and terrorised people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs. (c) People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed. 5. On 5 March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the rst Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference. 6. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenant farmers they had no security of tenure. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords. WORKSHEET–29 1. (a) Two factors shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s. The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930s, the countryside was in turmoil. (b) The Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. 2. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. 3. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations. 4. (a) Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future Constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders. 27OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (b) The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence. 5. India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. 6. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence for India. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence. A civil disobedience movement would be launched to achieve it. WORKSHEET–30 1. On 5 March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference. 2. The Civil Disobedience Movement began in March 1930. But towards the end of the year many people were arrested. As a result Gandhiji had to sign an agreement with Viceroy Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. The agreement came to be known as Gandhi- Irwin Pact. In this pact Gandhi promised to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement and consented to take part in the Second Round Table Conference in London. In lieu of this Irwin agreed to release the political prisoners. 3. The British government was very much troubled to see the developments of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Finding no other way to suppress the movement, it began to arrest the Congress leaders one by one. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was also arrested. 4. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a pathan, was a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. He is popularly known as Frontier Gandhi. He played a prominent role in the Civil Disobedience Movement. He demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The British Government could not tolerate his active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement and finally arrested him in 1930. 5. After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, business groups were not enthusiastic about participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress. 6. The Congress had ignored the dalits for long. Its leaders were under the shadow of fear that by giving attention to the dalits, they would offend the sentiment of the conservative high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi was always sympathetic towards them. 30 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E 4. The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of them withdrew their support. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business. 5. The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made by the British. Gandhi started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) from his ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and openly violating the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. In many places forest people violated forest laws—going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. Women participated in the movement on a large scale. WORKSHEET–33 1. (a) Worried by the developments during civil disobedience movement, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed. (b) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that symbolised British rule. (c) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 100,000 people were arrested. 2. The rst World War created a new economic and political situation. There was an increase in defence expenditure which was nanced by war loans and increasing taxes like customs duties and a new income tax was introduced. Prices increased and the common people suffered. Villages were ordered to supply soldiers, and this caused widespread anger in rural areas. Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an in uenza epidemic. 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. People hoped that their hardships would end after the war over. But that did not happen. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and he suggested a new mode of struggle called satyagraha. 31OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 3. The tribals of Gudem hills in Andhra Pradesh had many problems with the British. The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. This enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted. Alluri Sitaram Raju led them in their protest against the British. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God. Raju admired Mahatma Gandhi and was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he believed that India could be liberated from the British rule only by using force, not non-violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations of British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and he is revered as a folk hero in Andhra Pradesh. 4. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour ag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj ag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self- help. Carrying the ag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of de ance. 5. The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi’s historic march over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. Gandhiji ceremonially broke the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. People from all walks of life took part in the salt satyagraha and de ed the British rule peacefully. They broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt-factories. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village of cials resigned and in many places forest people violated forest laws–going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were very active in the movement. Indian merchants and industrialists also supported the movement when it was launched. Women also participated on large scale in the movement. They joined Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. Thus, the Civil Disobedience Movement was widespread and people from all over the country actively participated in it. WORKSHEET–34 1. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The main demands of the peasant movement were reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. The movement organised against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar or work at landlords’ farms without any payment. Also, as tenants they had no security of tenure. 32 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E As a protest, nai–dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats. In 1920, Nehru began meeting the villagers, and organised the Oudh Kisan Sabha along with Baba Ramchandra and others. Around 300 branches were set up. Efforts were made by the Congress to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the Non-cooperation Movement. But the peasants became violent and attacked the houses of talukdars and merchants, looted bazars. But the Congress was unhappy about these methods used by the peasants. 2. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in a unique way. In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. 3. Plantation Workers of Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. 4. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants. The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. WORKSHEET–35 1. Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders. The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India. 35OITULOS N ST E R M2ND of similar figures painted by different artists reached Indian homes. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. A tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed during Swadeshi movement. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self- help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. 2. The nationalists tried to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past through a movement to revive Indian folklore. In the late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. They believed that a true picture of traditional culture can be found in them and that they should be preserved. In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature that it was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics. 3. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instil a sense of pride in the nation, reinterpretation of history was necessary. The British viewed Indians as backward and primitive people who were incapable of governing themselves. Educated Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievement since the ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. They felt that these glories were lost when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged people to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the conditions of life under the British rule. There were problems in these interpretations. When ancient Hindu past was glorified, people of other communities felt left out. 4. People belonging to different communities, regions or language groups developed a sense of collective belonging in the late 19th century India. This sense of collective belonging came through the experience of united struggles and a variety of cultural processes. Icons and symbols played a part in creating a feeling of nationalism. The identity of the nation was symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat Mata in the twentieth century. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his poem ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland and included in his novel Anandamath. It became popular during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Inspired by the song, Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata. Subsequently, many more were made by other painters and circulated in popular prints. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism. 36 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E WORKSHEET–38 1. Set I (i) It kept the people of India deprived of freedom. It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. (ii) Lahore Session of the Congress motivated the demand for Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence. Set II (i) It was the inalienable right of the Indian people to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their hard labour and have the necessities of life so that they might have full opportunities of growth. (ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It exploited the masses and ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. Set III (i) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day. (ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It exploited the masses in various ways. It never let them enjoy the fruits of their tool. It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. Therefore, India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj. 2. Features of Civil Disobedience movement: (a) The countrymen broke the salt law. (b) They made salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories. (c) Foreign clothes were boycotted. (d) Liquor shops were picketed. (e) Peasants refused to pay the land revenue. (f) Village officials resigned their jobs. (g) People violated forest laws. (Any four points to be explained) 3. A growing anger against the colonial government thus brought together various groups and classes of the Indians into a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century. The Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji tried to channel the peoples grievances into organized movements for independence. Through such movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity. Diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. Their grievances were widely ranging and freedom from colonial rule also meant different things to different people. 37OITULOS N ST E R M2ND Examples: (a) The peasants, in Awadh, under the leadership of Baba Ramachandra, organized a movement against zamindars and talukdars to abolish begar, reduce revenue and boycott social landlords. (b) The tribals under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju, in the Gadem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, organized a militant guerrilla movement against the British to fight for their basic rights like entry into forests for grazing cattle, collection of fruits, etc. and also for abolition of begar. 4. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. This sense of collective belonging came partly through experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism spreaded and captured people’s imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, flag, etc. form an important part in the making of nationalism. WORKSHEET–39 1. (a) On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces had fired at peasants near Rae Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing, but was stopped by the police. (b) Jawaharlal Nehru. (c) Jawaharlal Nehru was inspired by the peasants in many ways. ‘The peasants behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger while Nehru had become angry upon hearing about the firing by the police. He says, “For a moment my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten—but for a moment only.” When Nehru thought of Gandhiji and saw the peaceful manner in which the peasants were handling the problem, he felt humbled. 2. (a) The British Government in India not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but had based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. (b) Purna Swaraj meant complete Independence from the British rule. 3. (a) Separate electorate means a situation when only the members of community vote and elect their representatives. (b) Muslims in 1909. (c) According to Sir Muhammad Iqbal, ‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of harmonious whole in a country like India. The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries... The principle of European democracy can not be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified.’ 40 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (b) According to Gandhiji, passive resistance i.e. satyagraha can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity. (c) According to Gandhiji. “It is certain that India can not rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own...” 2. Various groups and classes of India joined a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century as they had common grievances against the British rule. These grievances were channelised into organised movements for independence by the Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. Their ideas of swaraj were different and hence there were differing opinions. Thus, India was emerging as a nation with voices wanting freedom from colonial rule. 3. (a) It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s, he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland. Later, it was included in his novel Anandmath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. (b) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In his painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. (c) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. (d) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. Chapter Test 1. To protest against the Rowlatt Act. 2. To preserve the Turkish empire and Khalifa as temporal head of the Indian Muslims. 3. Jawaharlal Nehru 4. It turned out to be violent as it went against his principles of Ahmisa. 5. The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. It armed the government with unlimited powers to suppress political violence. The Government could arrest without a warrant, and imprison without a trial. This repressive Act caused widespread discontent in the country. The Act was dubbed as the ‘Black Act’. 6. (a) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. (b) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact they were rarely given such permission. 7. (a) First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. 41OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (b) Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people. (c) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. (d) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. (e) People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. Instead the British Govt. imposed the Rowlatt Act which further curtailed the civil liberty in India. (f) At this stage, a new leader, Mahatma Gandhi appeared in the political life of India and suggested a new mode of mass struggle – Satyagraha and non-violence. People rallied in support of the mass movements launched by Gandhiji. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–42 A. 1. racist regime 2. Rowlatt Act 1919 3. The First World War 4. The Justice Party 5. Awadh 6. Chauri-Chaura 7. Tory government 8. Poona Pact 1932 9. Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927 10. Santanis WORKSHEET–43 A. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T WORKSHEET–44 A. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) B. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) C. Do it yourself. WORKSHEET–45 Do it yourself. 42 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E GEOGRAPHY MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–46 1. Minerals are homogenous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure. 2. It is the highest quality hard coal. 3. Non-ferrous minerals 4. Sedimentary rocks 5. It is called Lodes. 6. Placer deposits 7. Manganese is mainly used in manufacturing of steel. It is also used to manufacture bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. 8. Mumbai High 9. Cheap and abundant power 10. Madhapur near Bhuj 11. Because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. 12. For generation of thermal power WORKSHEET–47 1. Iron is found in abundance in India. 2. Iron 3. Bauxite 4. Mica 5. Ore 6. From ocean water 7. Lead, zinc, copper. 8. Conventional sources of energy 9. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and atomic energy are non-conventional energy sources. 10. Coal is the main source. 11. Minerals which do not contain metals or do not have metallic properties are called non- metallic minerals, for example, mica, limestone, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, marble, sandstone, etc. Uses of Mica Mica is considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries. Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it is one of the most essential minerals used in electric and electronic industries. 45OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 2. The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because (1) the growing consumption of energy in the country has made us dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. It may lead to shortages in the supply of oil, gas and coal in future. (2) Rising prices of oil and gas has adversely affected the foreign exchange. (3) The growth of the nation economy is getting slowed down. (4) Ever-increasing use of fossil fuels is causing serious environmental problems. (5) Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable and also eco-friendly. 3. (a) We need to conserve energy because: (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the national economy — agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic — needs inputs of energy. (ii) The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. (b) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by (i) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. (ii) switching off electricity when not in use. (iii) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. 4. The type of formation or structure in which the minerals are found determines the relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined with minimum cost of extraction. It is, therefore, important for us to understand the main types of formations in which minerals occur. 5. Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and time of burial. WORKSHEET–51 1. When the mining is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel it is known as ‘Rat hole mining’. For example coal mining is done in Jowai and Cherapunji in Meghalaya. In this way minerals are owned by the individuals or community. 2. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc., are obtained from the cracks, crevices, faults or joints of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. 3. Minerals generally occur in the following forms: (a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults of joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes. (b) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include 46 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E gypsum, potash, salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. (c) The decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leave a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way. (d) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. (e) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules. 4. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy Conventional sources Non-conventional sources 1. Conventional sources of energy are 1. The non-conventional sources are in in use from the past. use from recent times. 2. They spread pollution. 2. These are eco-friendly. 3. Conventional sources of energy are 3. Non-conventional sources of energy generally exhaustible. are usually inexhaustible. cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and geothermal, biogas and atomic energy. electricity (both hydel and thermal). WORKSHEET–52 1. (a) Importance: It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. (b) Formation: Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil. (c) Distribution: (i) Maharashtra: About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High. (ii) Gujarat: 18 per cent of petroleum production is from Gujarat. Ankeleshwar is the most important field. (iii) Assam: 16 per cent of petroleum production is from Assam. It is the oldest oil producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state. 2. Do it yourself 47OITULOS N ST E R M2ND WORKSHEET–53 1. Solar energy has a bright future in India because: (a) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. (b) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans. (c) It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. 2. Coal is an important and abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. It is a bulky material and loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash. The four major forms of coal are: (a) Peat. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity. (b) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity. (c) Bituminous coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. (d) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal. 3. (a) Two offshore drilling centres of India are Mumbai high and Bassien. (b) Two oil fields located in Assam are Digboi and Naharkatiya. (c) Major coal fields are found in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. (d) Neyveli coal mine is located in Tamil Nadu. WORKSHEET–54 1. Map work Durg Katni Neyveli Digboi 50 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–59 1. Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. 2. 12% 3. These are urban centres which offer advantages to the industries that tend to come together. 4. Basic industries 5. Cooperative industries 6. Steel Authority of India Limited 7. Jamshedpur 8. Cement industry 9. Aluminium industry 10. Electronics industry WORKSHEET–60 1. In Mumbai 2. Agro based industry 3. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost. 5. Bengaluru 6. The industries in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. 7. Cooperative sector industries 8. Heavy industries use heavy and bulky raw materials, e.g., iron and steel. Light industries use light raw materials and produce light goods, e.g., electric fan. 9. Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Alkalies, Soda ash, and Caustic soda. 10. Public sector undertakings 11. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite. Importance of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it. (a) Agricultural development. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. (b) Industrial development. It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. (c) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange. (d) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible. 51OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 12. Cotton textile industry occupies an eminent position in Indian economy. It contributes 14 per cent to industrial output and 25 per cent of foreign exchange. It provides employment to about 35 million people. It contributes 4 per cent of GDP. Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries. At present, there are over 1500 cotton mills in India owned by private, public and cooperative organisations. The first cotton mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the major centres of cotton textile industry because of various advantages. The Indian cotton textile industry strikes a judicious balance between tradition and modernity by producing handloom, powerloom and machine made cloth. Now, the cotton textile industry is decentralised in various parts of India depending on the availability of transport, electricity and labour. India exports cotton goods mainly in France, USA, UK, Russia and East European countries. India has a big share in the world trade of cotton yarn accounting for one-fourth of the total trade and our garment trade is only 4 per cent of the world’s total. WORKSHEET–61 1. West Bengal 2. Increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare. 3. In 2005 4. Chota Nagpur plateau 5. Jharkhand state 6. Primary stage of treatment 7. In Chennai 8. Physiological and psychological problems, blood pressure, hearing impairment, irritation and stress are caused by noise pollution. 9. Vishakhapatnam steel plant 10. China 11. Factors that control industrial location are: 1. Availability of Raw Material The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity. 2. Favourable Climate The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its growth and functioning. For instance in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries. 3. Market Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to selloff the finished goods are likely to have more industries. 12. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise Air and water pollution is the prominent of them all. (a) Air Pollution — Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. 52 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E — Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. — Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. — Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. (b) Water Pollution — Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. — The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. — Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water also. WORKSHEET–62 1. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient. 2. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are given below. (a) Minimising water pollution: (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. (iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases: recycling of wastewater. (v) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat of ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. (b) Minimising air pollution: (i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. (ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. 55OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 3. Fertiliser industries provide nutrient specific fertilisers e.g. phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). They helped in bringing green revolution in the country. 4. The factors responsible for the location of jute industries in the Hugli basin are: (a) proximity of the jute producing areas. (b) inexpensive water. (c) transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills. (d) abundant water for processing raw jute. (e) cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh. (f) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods. 5. There is tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states because: (a) The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content. (b) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. (c) The cooperatives are more successful in these states. 6. (a) The seasonal nature of the industry. (b) Old and inefficient methods of production. (c) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories. (d) The need to maximise the use of bagasse. WORKSHEET–65 1. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are: (a) Minimising water pollution: (i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii (iv recycling of wastewater. (v) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat of ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. (b) Minimising air pollution: (i (ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. 56 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (c) Minimising noise pollution: (i (ii noise. (iii) Noise absorbing materials may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones. 2. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power plants. sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India. of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated. impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise. 3. Three phases of treatment of industrial effluents are as follows: (a) Primary treatment. It refers to mechanical means which involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment. It refers to biological process. (c) Tertiary treatment. It involves involves the biological, chemical and physical processes, and refers to recycling of waste water. 4. (a) Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market. (b) The states in that region are: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. 57OITULOS N ST E R M2ND WORKSHEET–66 1. Map Work 1 (b) (a) Mysore Bhadrawati Durgapur 60 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–71 1. Roads are easy to construct and maintain. 2. Express National Highways 3. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai. 4. Srinagar 5. Porbandar to Silchar 6. National Highways Authority of India 7. 1960 8. First position 9. Mumbai 10. Vishakhapatnam WORKSHEET–72 1. Every village in the country will be linked to the major towns of the country. 2. 1.67 m 3. Due to difficult terrain, sparse population and lack of economic activity. 4. Through pipelines 5. Waterways 6. The Ganga 7. Mumbai port 8. Economic base of a country depends upon international trade. The per capita trade of a country is the index of a country’s development. 9. Kandla port 10. Kolkata port 11. Kandla port 12. Odisha state 13. Our country earns foreign exchange through tourism. More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspect of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It promotes National Integration and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. It contributed 1,35,193 crore of foreign exchange in the year 2015. Over 8.02 million foreign tourists visited India in 2015. 14. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which is a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. Importance of Border roads (a) Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain. (b) They have helped in the economic development of border areas. 61OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 15. Three Super Highways are: 1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways. It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. 2. The North-South Corridor linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu). 3. East-West Corridor linking Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat). The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. WORKSHEET–73 1. Chennai port 2. Roads are congested in cities. 50% of the roads are unsurfaced. Road network in India is inadequate. 3. In 1953 4. Pawanhans company. 5. Subscriber Trunk Dialling 6. International trade 7. When value of imports and exports are equal. 8. Haldia port. 9. India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is thus evident that a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today. 10. Road transportation in India faces a number of problems: (a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. (b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season. (c) The National Highways are inadequate too. (d) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 11. The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density, vast level land, and rich agricultural resources. Whereas the Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. That’s why the great plains have more railways than the Himalayan mountains. WORKSHEET–74 1. Importance of railways in India : (a) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. (b) Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. 62 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (c) Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. 2. The problems faced by Indian railways are: (a) Many passengers travel without tickets. (b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. (c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage to the railway. 3. Pipeline is an important arrival on the transportation map of India because: (a) These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. (b) Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. (c) The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertiliser plants could be thought of only because of pipelines. (d) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. (e) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays. 4. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the Government: Champakkara canals–205 km) – N.W. No. 3 Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal. 5. Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country because it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier. 6. Mass communication includes radio, television, films, newspapers, magazines, etc. They communicate with many people at a time. They have a wider range for communicating ideas. Personal communication includes those means of communication which deal with different means of personal correspondence, such as postcards, letters, telegrams, telephones and internet. Personal communications are handled by the Indian postal network. WORKSHEET–75 1. The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. While local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages, state level trade is carried between two or more states. 2. The commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products (41.87 per cent), pearls and precious stones (29.26 per cent), inorganic chemicals (29.39 per cent), coal, coke and briquettes (94.17 per cent), machinery (12.56 per cent). Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports. This group includes fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94 per cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent). Among the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few years till 2004-05 are agriculture and allied products (2.53 per cent), ores and minerals (9.12 per cent), gems and jewellery (26.75 per cent) and chemical and allied products (24.45 per cent), engineering goods (35.63 per cent) and petroleum products (86.12 per cent). 65OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 4. The importance of waterways is as follows: (a) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. (b) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. (c) It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport. 5. (a) The two positive aspects of air travel are: (i) The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. (ii) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease. (b) Air travel is preferred in the north-eastern states of India because: Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country because it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier. WORKSHEET–78 1. Map Work 66 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E 2. Map Work WORKSHEET–79 1. (a) Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after independence of India. (b) It was developed to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition. (c) Kandla is a tidal port. (d) It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive 67OITULOS N ST E R M2ND granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. 2. The length of road per sq km of area is known as road density. Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Three of them are given below: (a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. (b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season. (c) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 3. The growing importance of road transport in comparison to rail transport is because of the following reasons: (a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines. (b) Roads can pass through comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (c) Road transport is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. (d) It provides door to door services thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower. (e) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport. To reach any destination be it railway station, sea port or airport, one needs to travel through roads. 4. Map work 70 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E 5. (a) The mass movement for the restoration of democracy in Nepal was led by a Seven Party Alliance of all political parties supported by Maoists. The ‘Water War’ in Bolivia was led by FEDECOR which was a confederation of different sections of society. (b) The Nepalese movement was a specific issue movement. The FEDECOR did not represent any one group or section of the people. It defended the general interest of the people. WORKSHEET–86 1. (a) Bolivia is a poor Latin American country. The government was forced by the World Bank to give the control of municipal water supply to an MNC. (b) The MNC raised the water rates four times the earlier price. (c) This led to popular protest. (d) In January, 2000, the FEDECOR organised a successful four-day strike in the city. (e) The government made promises and strike was called off. (f) The government retracted and started repression. (g) The agitation restarted in Feb., 2000 and despite repression strike was organised in April, 2000. (h) People forced MNC employees to leave the city. They made the government concede to all the demands. 2. There are two types of movement groups: 1. Specific movements/short term movements. They are formed to achieve single objective. They work in a limited time frame and thus have usually short active life. Examples – The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy. In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams. 2. General/Generic movements/long term movements. These movements come into existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve in various issues. There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements. Examples – The Environmental movement and women’s movement. 3. (a) There are many forms of collective action. (b) Narmada Bachao Andolan started as a single issue movement dealing with the people displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam. (c) The Environmental Movement as well as Women’s Movement involves more than one issue and is long-term oriented. (d) The Narmada Bachao Movement has a clear leadership and a short-term movement. 4. A movement is a kind of struggle which is started to achieve certain aims like democracy. It aims at many forms of collective action. It also attempts to influence policies rather than to take directly part in electoral competition. It depends on mass participation. Environmental movement is a label for a large number of organisations and issue specific movements. It is a long-term movement which involves more than one issue. It has separate organisation, independent leadership and often different views on policy 71OITULOS N ST E R M2ND related matters. It has a broad objective. That is why Environmental Movement comes under the category of a movement. 5. The pressure groups may be formed by and led by leaders of political parties or may be closely associated with them. Some interest and pressure groups may exert influence on political parties. They may have a political ideology and political positions on major issues. Thus, pressure groups may have direct or indirect influence on politics. Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups. Interest groups may organise protest activity like strikes in order to force the government to take note of their demand. WORKSHEET–87 1. (a) They publicise issues by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, etc. (b) They organise protest meetings, file petitions, etc. (c) They influence political parties on issues indirectly or directly. (d) Sometimes political parties emerge out of movements; e.g., DMK, AIDMK, etc. (e) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. They remind the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary people. 2. All the political parties in the parliament formed an alliance—Seven Party Alliance (SPA)—and called for four day strike in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The protests turned into indefinite strike in which Maoist and various organisations also joined hands. People defied curfew and came to streets. More than lakhs of people gathered almost everyday to demand restoration of democracy. On 21 April, they served an ultimatum to the king and the leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions given by the king and stuck to their demand for restoration of parliament, power to all party government and a new constituent assembly. The 24th of April, 2006 was the last day of the ultimatum; the king was forced to grant all the demands. 3. The National Alliance for Peoples’ Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of this loose organisation which coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’ movements in our country. 4. Ways to influence politics: (a) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals. (b) They often organise protest activities. (c) They employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements. (d) Some of the pressure groups are either formed by leaders of political parties or led by them. (Any three points to be explained) WORKSHEET–88 1. There are two types of movement groups: (a) Specific movements/short term movements. They are formed to achieve single objective. They work in a limited time frame and thus have usually short active life. Examples – The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy. 72 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams. (b) General/Generic movements/long term movements. These movements come into existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve in various issues. There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements. Examples – The Environmental movement and women’s movement. 2. Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price of water four times. This led to a spontaneous popular protest. In January, 2000 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in Feburary. Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law. But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to leave their city and made government to grant all demands of the protesters. The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality at old rates. This is known as Bolivia’s water war. 3. (a) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is a healthy activity in democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity. (b) Government can often come under undue pressure of small group of rich and powerful people. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering the undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens. (c) Sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively no one single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will make counter pressure not to make the policies in the way the first group desires. (d) This leads to rough balance of power of accommodation of conflicting interests. WORKSHEET–89 1. Sectional interest groups seek to promote the interest of a particular section/group of society. For instance, trade unions, business associations and professionals (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.). They are sectional because they represent a particular section of a society like workers, employees, businessmen, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members and not the society in general. On the other hand public interest groups represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended. They are also called promotional groups as they promote collective and not selective good. The members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents. They aim to help groups other than their own members. In some cases the members of a public interest group may undertake activity that benefits them as well as others too. Example – In India BAMCEF (Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation) is such an organisation that campaigns against caste discrimination. It addresses the problem of its members who suffer discrimination and its principal concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society. 75OITULOS N ST E R M2ND WORKSHEET–92 1. (a) Despite all the efforts made by government to alleviate the suffering of the poor the problems persist. (b) Poverty is a basic problem of the country. It remains a major problem for a large section of people. The government has failed to eradicate it. Programmes like ‘Garibi Hatao’ give only a feel good factor. Things have to be changed and the people have to organise themselves and do something about it. 2. (a) (i) Delhi traders (ii) AITUC (iii) CII (iv) NGOs (v) RWAs. (b) (i) The NGOs demanded better medical treatment and drugs for Bhopal Gas victims. (ii) According to the CII, SEZs are the only way that employment generation is possible in the country. (iii) Delhi traders demanded that VAT dues be refunded in a timely manner to them. Chapter Test 1. Janta Dal 2. King Gyanendra 3. Pressure group 4. A political conflict that led to popular struggle 5. Persons who engage in insurgency are called insurgents. 6. The two incidents have following similarities: (a) In both cases political conflict led to the popular struggles. (b) Both the cases involved mass mobilisation. (c) Both instances involved critical role of political organisations. The two incidents have following differences: (a) Nepal was struggling to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle involved claims on the elected government. (b) In Bolivia, struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics. 7. Major elements found in democratic struggles: (a) It evolves through popular struggles. If significant decisions are through consensus than it is an exceptional situation. Democracy usually involves conflicts between those groups who have exercise power and those who aspire for share in the power. This happens when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy. (b) Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflicts are resolved by the existing institutions like parliament or judiciary but when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions get involved in the dispute and the resolution has to come from outside, from people. (c) The conflicts and mobilisations are based on new political organisations. These include political parties, pressure groups and movement groups. 8. (a) Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control over the municipal water supply. (b) The government sold off these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the prices four times. (c) In January 2006 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February. 76 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (d) Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law. (e) But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to flee the city and made government to concede to all demands of the protesters. (f) The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality at old rates. This was known as Bolivia’s Water War. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–93 A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c) B. 1. Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation 2. National Alliance For People’s Movement 3. Multinational Companies 4. Seven Party Alliance 5. Public Distribution System WORKSHEET–94 Do it yourself. POLITICAL PARTIES SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–95 1. United Kingdom. 2. (a) Indian National Congress (b) Bharatiya Janata Party (c) Communist Party of India (d) Communist Party of India (Marxist) (e) Bahujan Samaj Party 3. (a) Janata Dal United (b) Telugu Desam (c) DMK (d) Asom Gana Parishad (e) Akali Dal (f) Lok Dal 4. Elephant 5. Communist Party of India (Marxist) 6. People’s Republic of China 7. In 1885 8. In 1925 77OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 9. In India 10. If any member leaves his parent party and joins another party for some personal benefits, it is known as defection. WORKSHEET–96 1. All India Anna DMK 2. Multi-party system exists in India 3. 6 National parties 4. (a) DMK party (b) Asom Gana Parishad 5. BSP, NCP and CPI. 6. Political parties have three components; namely, (a) Leaders, who play an important role in popularising the ideology of the party. (b) Active members, who look after the party organisation. (c) Followers from the grassroot workers, who mobilise people for public meetings, protest, marches, etc., and play an important role in bringing the party to power in their areas. 7. (a) The political parties play an important role by grouping together a large number of similar opinions and provide a direction so that governments can formulate policies on them. (b) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. (c) Parties thus play an important role by reducing a large number of opinions into a few basic positions that it supports. 8. The political parties put up candidates for elections in democracies. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections. Candidates fight elections on party tickets. Some fight as independent candidates. The political party which gets majority seats in the Parliament or legislature forms the government. If no single party has a majority in legislature, a coalition government is formed. 9. The opposition parties are those parties which did not win the majority seats in state legislature or the Parliament and are not the ruling party or a part of the ruling coalition. They point out the wrong policies, etc. of the ruling party. They are critical about ruling party’s policies and they mobilise public opinion to oppose the government. WORKSHEET–97 1. Political parties are an essential part of democracy. Democracy is equal to political parties. Most people know about political parties. The parties reflect political divisions in society. They represent the opinions of people and put it forward to the government. Thus, rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. They are necessary for a democracy. 2. The political parties play a significant role in a democracy. (a) They put forward policies and programmes. (b) They contest elections. (c) They make laws for the country. (d) They form governments and run them. (e) They play the role of opposition party. 80 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E parties do. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party. (c) Parties make laws for the country. Though laws are passed by the legislature but since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions. (d) Parties form and run government. Political parties recruit leaders, train them and make them ministers to run the government in the way they want. (e) Parties play role of the opposition to the parties in power. They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government. (f) Parties shape public opinion. They shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. They do these through pressure groups, which are the extensions of political parties and also launch movements for resolutions of problems faced by the people. (g) Parties provide people access to government welfare schemes. For an ordinary citizen it is easier to approach a local party leader than a government officer. They feel close to party even if they do not fully trust them. Even parties have to be responsive to the people’s needs and demands otherwise people can reject parties in the next elections. 2. The political parties face the following challenges: (a) Lack of internal democracy within parties. There is a tendency in political parties towards concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. Leaders make maximum decisions in the name of party. (b) Dynastic succession. Very few ordinary workers get chance to rise to the top in the party as parties do not practice open and transparent procedures. In many parties top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to others and bad for democracy. (c) Growing role of money and muscle power. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate candidates, who have or can raise money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policy decisions of the parties. In some cases parties support criminals who can win elections. (d) Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In the recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. So people have no choices. Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keeps shifting from one party to another. 3. Some reforms which can strengthen political parties are: (a) A law should be established to regulate the internal affairs of parties, thereby making them more transparent. (b) It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of disputes, to hold open elections in case of disputes. (c) It should be made mandatory for the political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. 81OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (d) The state should fund election campaigns, thereby eliminating lobbying groups and unfair competition. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses such as petrol, paper, telephone, etc. or it could be given in cash on the basis of votes secured by a party in the last elections. (e) People can put pressure on political parties and this can be done through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements and media can play an important role in this. If political parties feel that they would lose public support by not taking up reforms they will become more serious about reforms. The quality of democracy depends upon the degree of participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in politics and simply criticise it from outside. 4. National parties Regional party/State party 1. A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party. 1. A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is recognised as a regional party/state party. in more than three states. less than three states. 3. For example, INC, BJP, BSP, CPI-M, CPI and NCP. 3. For example, Samajwadi Party, Samta Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, DMK, AIADMK. WORKSHEET–100 1. We cannot think modern democracies without political parties. In case there are no political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent, no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies for what they do in their localies. But, no one will be responsible for how the country will run. Just look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find political parties in almost all countries of the world. They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people to know why their policies are better than those of others. They try to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division in a society. The absense of political parties would affect a democracy badly. The interest of all the people would not reach the parliament and therfore some sections of people would remain behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures. 2. Reasons: If there are no political parties in a democracy: (a) Every candidate in the elections will be independent. 82 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (b) No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change. (c) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain to be uncertain. (d) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only. (e) No one will be accountable to the nation as a whole. (Any four points to be explained.) 3. (a) There is a lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top. (b) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly. (c) Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. (d) They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party. (e) These violate the basic values to be upheld in public life namely equal opportunity, transparency, good governance and fairness. 4. Since most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there no ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to other members of that party. This is also bad for democracy, since people who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power. Chapter Test 1. Opposition parties raise their voice against wrong policies of the government. 2. The Election Commission 3. Forward Bloc and Trinamool Congress 4. (a) Leaders (b) Active members (c) Followers 5. Where there are two parties in a country, one in power and the other ready to rule, is called bi-party system. 6. The role of political parties in shaping public opinion: (a) They raise and highlight issues. (b) The parties clear the policies of government to people. (c) Political parties give their ideas in favour and against the government. (d) Political parties give their ideas about the new laws made by the government. (e) In this way the political parties help to create public opinion among people. So it is necessary for people if they want to establish democratic government they have to analyse for and against democracy. 7. Parties are for the working of democracy and are the most visible face of democracy. It is natural that people blame parties, criticise them. Parties have to face many challenges: (a) Concentration of powers in one hand. 85OITULOS N ST E R M2ND WORKSHEET–107 1. A democratic government is one in which people have rights. Political parties and leaders represent their interests. Elections are held regularly and people elect their representatives to form a government. In a non-democratic government, people have no rights or participation in the decisions made by the government. 2. Characteristics of democracy: (a) It promotes equality among citizens. (b) It looks after the interest of the people. (c) It allows room to correct mistakes. 3. (a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the governments could function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. (b) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community interms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. (c) Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that person or group. 4. In actual life, we find that democracy does not lead to just distribution of goods and opportunities. Arguments: (a) Although individuals have political equality, we find growing economic inequalities. (b) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate show of wealth and incomes. (c) The income of those at the bottom of the society is declining so much so that it becomes difficult to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc. (d) Although the poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet democratically elected governments do not provide them opportunities on equal footing. (Any three points) WORKSHEET–108 1. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every man wants to get respect from fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why, when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they always come up with more expectations, and many complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy. 2. In matters of economic development, not all the democracies get developed because of various factors like population, lack of basic infrastructure, etc. If you consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve 86 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E higher economic development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development. Economic development depends on several factors: (a) Country’s population size. (b) Global situation. (c) Cooperation from other countries. (d) Economic priorities adopted by the country. Democracy does not appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Their share in total income is increasing. People at the bottom of society have very little to depend on. 3. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every person wants to get respect from his/her fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. We can take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. The same is true about caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. 4. (a) Rich are powerful and they have money power. (b) Poor can have a better share only by participating in election process and electing the right representatives to run the government. WORKSHEET–109 1. Imagine a government that may take decisions very fast. But it may take decisions that are not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face problems. In contrast, the democratic government will take more time to follow procedure before arriving at adecision. However, because it has followed procedure, its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective. So, the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it. 2. Democratic governments are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and less corrupt. But in reality, it does not happen so. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Democracy is also not free of corruption. Our politicians indulge in money making. Our top officials are also doing the same. 3. (a) In a democracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. If they do not work properly, people can overthrow them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-making, that affects them all. Thus, democracy produces an accountable government. 87OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (b) Democracy is a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. Democracies should not frustrate the needs of the people and ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Thus, it a responsive government. (c) Democratic government is a legitimate government. It is people’s own government. people elect the rulers. The party that gets majority seat in the legislature forms the government. If they lose the majority, they have to resign. 4. (a) Economic inequality and poverty are the twin problems of India. Different political parties are committed to remove these since it is included in their election manifesto. They are responsive to the needs of the people. The elected government from time to time started a number of poverty alleviation programmes to reduce poverty in India. (b) Moreover many employment schemes like Rural Works Programme, National Rural Employment Programme, etc. are started by democratic government in India. Chapter Test 1. In dictatorships 2. Its examination never gets over. 3. We give respect to democratic government because it is a legitimate government. This is the government which is elected by the people. 4. Highly wealthy 5. Bangladesh 6. Democracies are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and be free from corruption. However, this is not always so. However, democracies are people’s own government and hence better than its alternatives. 7. Democracies are people’s own government run by their elected representatives. They feel that democracies can address all social, economic and political problems. When people get some benefits, they want more and they complain and express dissatisfaction in many ways. 8. The back record of democracies in reducing economic inequality and poverty is not good in developing countries. The small group of ultra rich sections are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. The elected governments are not addressing to the question of poverty seriously especially in South Asian countries. It may be due to corruption and inefficient systems of governance. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET–110 A. 1. accountable 2. deliberation; negotiation 3. Decision-making 4. share information 5. legitimate 6. Bangladesh 7. harmonious 8. respect 9. disadvantaged; underpriviledged 10. free and fair 90 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E WORKSHEET–117 1. An ordinary citizen can play a very constructive role in the deepening of democracy. (a) No democracy can function in the absence of enlightened citizens because they are the pillars of democracy. Citizens maintain a balance between government and public issues. (b) Well informed and enlightened citizens form a healthy public opinion which puts a check on an unresponsive government and its policies. (c) Socially responsible citizens also help in the regulation of social reforms and can put a check on rash and unsocial conduct. (d) Hence, the strength of democracy lies in respecting thought of its citizens and in creating an atmosphere of fair and frank interaction of thought, approaches and perspectives for solving collective problems and building a polity of free and equal beings. 2. Communalism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. It can take various forms in a democracy. (a) Religious Form. The most formidable form of communalism is in everyday religious ideas of people. The followers of one religion believe it to be superior to other all relgions. There is blind faith in one and contempt for all others. (b) Political Form. Actually people of a particular religion often want maximum representation of their religion in politics and seek to achieve political and social dominance over the minority. This results into a majoritarian dominance. In this form they often demand a separate state for themselves. (c) Form of Political Mobilisation. Communalism in politics sometime takes the shape of political mobilisation on communal lines. It involves the use of sacred religious symbols and religious leaders to appeal to the people of a particular religion. (d) Form of Riots and Violence. The most adverse form of communalism is that it leads to riots and violence. The people from various religions are in opposition to one another and use violence to show dominance of their religion. In this way it disturbs the social peace and cause social turmoil. Thus we can safely say, that in its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within a country. 3. A challenge is not just a problem. It is a difficulty that carries within an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. The serious challenges that democracy faces in different countries of the world for smooth running of government are called challenges to democracy. A few challenges faced by democracy in several parts of the world are: (a) Foundational Challenge. At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under democratic governments. Countries that do not have democratic set-up face the foundational challenge of making a transition to the democratic style of government. They need to lay the foundation in terms of laws and policies that would be followed under the democratic set-up. This involves: (i) bringing down the existing non-democratic regime. (ii) keeping military away from controlling the govvernment. (iii) establishing a sovereign and functional state. 91OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (b) Challenge of Expansion. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the challenge of expanding it to various social groups and various institutions. Such countries need to ensure that more and more social groups, regions and institutions follow democracy in their functioning. This involves: (i) ensuring greater power to local governments. (ii) extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations. (iii) inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. (iv) it also means that less and less decision should remain outside the domain of democratic control. Most of the countries including India and US face this kind of challenge. (c) Challenge of deepening. This challenge is faced by every democracy in one form or other. Every democratic country needs to strengthen the institutions that ensure democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. This involves: (i) strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. (ii) bringing down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in the making of governmental decision. WORKSHEET–118 1. (a) No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. However, we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. (b) Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of a democratic government. (c) Social diversities can be accommodated by deliberation, negotiation, and mutual understanding. (d) It can be accommodated by power sharing as in the case of Belgium. 2. (a) As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they always come up with more expectations, and many complaints. (b) The fact that people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of democracy: it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty. (c) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject under a King into that of a citizen. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest. 3. Non-democratic countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic rule, keeping military away from controlling the government and establishing a sovereign and functional state. 4. (a) People think of legal ways of reforming politics, think of new laws to ban undesirable things. But this temptation needs to be resisted. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage the good ones. But legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens. 92 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E (b) Any legal change must carefully be looked at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working. The best laws are those, which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. (c) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens. (d) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how. It is not very wise to think that the legislatures will pass legislations that go against the interest of all the political parties and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organizations and the media are likely to succeed. Chapter Test 1. Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. 2. Foundational challenge 3. One-fourth countries in the world. 4. Uttar Pradesh 5. India and USA 6. (a) At least one-fourth of world is still not under democratic government. (b) The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. (c) These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. 7. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This involves applying the basic principles of democratic government across all the region, different social groups and various institutions. Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. They should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can contest elections. The common man cannot stand in elections. The government should minimise the election expenditure. The government should prepare budget for elections. 8. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reform. (a) Reforming politics by making new laws. (b) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. (c) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women. (d) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. (e) The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people to find out what is happening in government. (f) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. (g) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how. 95OITULOS N ST E R M2ND 5. Terms of credit: (a) Interest rate (b) Collateral (c) Documentation requirement. (d) The mode of repayment. (e) The varying terms of credit in different credit arrangements. WORKSHEET–125 1. An agricultural cooperative is a self-help group. The people are organised into groups and pool is created with their savings. Members are allowed to take small loans from the cooperative society to meet their needs. It charges a reasonable rate of interest within a short time. The cooperative society becomes eligible for taking loans from banks and it can create employment opportunities for the group. 2. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks. They get an interest on the deposits. The deposit money remains safe in a bank. People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money as cheques can be issued against deposits. 3. Working people receive their salaries every month and they deposit the extra cash in bank accounts opened in their names. Banks accept the deposits and pay an interest on it. People withdraw the money or issue cheques to make payments as and when they require. Banks on the other hand, keep 15% of the deposit money for day-to-day transactions and the rest is given as loans to borrowers at a higher rate of interest than what they give for the deposits. This is their main source of income and this is the basis of the modern banking system. 4. In India, the Reserve of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency. Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transaction in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange. WORKSHEET–126 1. Advantages of Self-Help Groups: (a) They help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. (b) They can get timely loans for variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate. (c) They are building blocks of the organisation of the rural poor. (d) It helps women to become self-reliant. (e) The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on various social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc. 2. People deposit extra cash with the bank by opening a bank accounts in their name. Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits. In this way people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an amount of interest. People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits. 96 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E 3. Everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things they want. For example, take the case of a blacksmith. He wants to sell tools in the market and buy rice. The blacksmith will first exchange tools that he has produced for money and then exchange the money for rice. The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. 4. (a) Moneylenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural households in India. (b) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because. (i) Rural households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents of their employment while borrowing money from the moneylenders. (ii) Neither they have to show any property or assets as collateral (security or guarantee). WORKSHEET–127 1. Money means wealth around which the whole economic activities of every country move. Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and, therefore, it is called a medium of exchange. Role of money in an economy: (a) In our day to day transactions, goods are being bought and sold with the use of money. (b) At times we do exchange services with money. (c) Use of money has made things easier to exchange as we can exchange it for any commodity we need. (d) The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. (e) The main function of money in an economic system is to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. (f) Without exchange of money nobody can fulfil his all needs and requirements. 2. The banks play an important role in an economy of a country. (a) They give interest on the money deposited by the people. Thus, they add to the income of the family. Many families survive on the bank interest. (b) The banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money. (c) Banks provide cheap loans to a large number of people. (d) Banks boost the industry also by providing cheap loans to industrialists. (e) Banks are the backbone of the country’s trade. Banks employ a large number of people and as such they solve the problem of unemployment to a great extent. 3. Formal credit sector is known as organised sector. This sector provides loan at low rate of interest. This sector is supervised and controlled by Reserve Bank of India. It mainly includes: (a) Commercial Banks. Banks accept deposits from the public. Banks maintain minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The balance of cash is used by banks to give loans. 97OITULOS N ST E R M2ND (b) Cooperative Societies. This is another form of formal credit in India. They accept deposits from their members and provide loans to them. Informal credit sectors in India include credit given by unorgainsed sectors. These sectors meet the credit needs of poor households. They charge high interest rates. There is no organisation which supervises and controls the lending activities of informal sector. The main informal credit sources are: (i) Local money lenders (ii) Traders (iii) Employers (iv) Relatives and friends, etc. (Any two points for each) 4. (a) High rate of interests and undue conditions may find borrowers difficult to repay the loan taken and it push them to debt trap. (b) In an unexpected situation like a natural calamity and a crop failure, a borrower may find it difficult to repay the loan taken and some times, he will be forced sell a portion of the land or other property to repay the loan. 5. (a) The risk involved in their activities like a crop failure, which may lead to non- repayment of loans. (b) Banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers who fails to provide collateral security to the loan. (c) The state has the responsibility of looking after the interests of the poor and under- privileged sections. It is unfair on humanitarian grounds. Chapter Test 1. National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development 2. Banks and cooperatives 3. Members of group 4. Money is called the medium of exchange because it acts as an intermediate in the exchange process. 5. Loan is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment. 6. Banks are not available everywhere in rural areas. To get a loan from the banks is difficult for a poor person because proper documents and collateral are required. Banks require loan repayment on time. All these detract the poor from taking loans. 7. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks. They get an interest on the deposits. The deposit money remains safe in a bank. People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money as cheques can be issued against deposits.