Sleep Stages, EEG Waves, and Effects of Sleep Deprivation: An Overview, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Sleep Stages, EEG Waves, and Effects of Sleep Deprivation: An Overview and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Conciousness DEFINITION 1 -awareness of mental processes such as perception, thinking, remembering-can be internal or external-everything we might think or perceive if we attended tot he is contained in the circle. Consciousness is a subset of that..our attention brings to consciosness TERM 2 cocktail party phenomenon DEFINITION 2 - ability to split attention between a foreground conversation and a background one, and even remember aspects of the background conversation youre not attending to. TERM 3 Id, Ego, superego DEFINITION 3 Refer to our wants and desires and how we deal with them TERM 4 Id- DEFINITION 4 instinctual sexual or aggressive energy, works according to the pleasure principle (immediate gratification of desires), irrational and selfish (a good metaphor for the id might be an infant who has needs and wants them to be satisfied immediately). TERM 5 Ego- DEFINITION 5 acts as a manager, trying to satisfy needs of id in accordance with whats realistic and moral (superego), works according to the reality principle (controls Id and keeps it in check while delaying gratification)Also, when the desire of the id cant be satisfied, sometimes the ego finds a substitute; -Girls scout cookie example: ant cookies, but do not need them and are they attainable TERM 6 Sublimation- DEFINITION 6 a social unacceptable want or activity is replaced b y an acceptable one (e.g. a high school student is attracted to his friends girlfriend. He cant ask her out on a date, but he may be able to find other ways to be around her that are acceptable.) TERM 7 Superego- DEFINITION 7 ideals, morals, conscience; concern with what is right (moral compass), often in conflict with id (angel superego on one shoulder, devil id on the other shoulder, ego sorts it out) TERM 8 Conscious: DEFINITION 8 processes for which a person is subjectively aware TERM 9 Preconscious: DEFINITION 9 processes not presently conscious, but could be quickly..like if youre asked a question, or when playing trivial pursuit TERM 10 Unconscious: DEFINITION 10 processes inaccessible to consciousness because they have been represses (kept from conscious thought because tit brings too much anxiety) TERM 21 The stage of sleep occur in DEFINITION 21 cycles throught the night..each cycle (1, 2, 3, 2, 1) lasts from 90 minutes to two hours. More deep sleep starts early, long bouts of REM later. TERM 22 in the stages of sleep, particularly the deep sleep stages: Awake- DEFINITION 22 the body relaxes, and EEG activity, heart rate, and breathing slow.Awake= high frequency low amplitude with a small amount of variation TERM 23 REM sleep: DEFINITION 23 physiologically, very similar to being awake, many muscles are paralyzed. Sleepwalking cannot occur during REM sleep. Dreams occur in other stages too, but theyre more vivid, long lasting, and detailed in REM sleep TERM 24 As we get older, : DEFINITION 24 Enjoy, Protect your sleep-As we get older, we have more trouble sleeping throught the night, and get less REM sleep. TERM 25 Sleep deprivation can cause DEFINITION 25 cognitive and motor impairments. TERM 26 Effects of sleep deprivation are: Truckers with chronic deprivation: DEFINITION 26 - comparable to those of alcohol on driving. Staying awake just 3 hours longer than usual reduces driving performance. - Truckers with chronic deprivation sometimes exhibit Stage 1 sleep while driving. TERM 27 Other effects of sleep deprivation: DEFINITION 27 -difficulty concentration (paying attention, multitasking, avoiding mistakes)-irritability, moodiness-increased risk of depression-rats totally deprived of sleep for 2-3 weeks die TERM 28 Watch your alcohol consumption. Why? DEFINITION 28 Alcohol is a sedative, helps initially get you into light sleep. As its metabolized, stages get disrupted, and you get less sleep and REM. So the 2nd half of the night may not be restful, mostly stages 1 and 2, interrupted by wakefulness TERM 29 Dreaming-Whats the point? short and long answer DEFINITION 29 Short answer- I have no ideaLonger answer- there are several theories TERM 30 Psychodynamic; freud; manifest content; latent content DEFINITION 30 Psychodynamic- dreams are an important way our uncounscious minds talk to us. Dreams mean something. a.Freud- there are stories and symbols and wishes hidden in our unconscious. These come out as images at nighti.Manifes content-story of the dreamii.Latent content- hidden meaning, this is the important part TERM 31 Jung-symbolism and latent content: Dreams express: DEFINITION 31 not so important. Dreams express our deep instinctive feelings/thoughts about life. The content and symbolism in dreams are shared by all people TERM 32 Cognitive- DEFINITION 32 Dreams may be important, but no hidden meaning . They are an extension of thoughts or wishes from the daytime. Day residue- dreams are the product of neurons firing at night because we used those same neurons during the day TERM 33 Physiological view (Hobson) DEFINITION 33 - Brain activity of REM sleep important for memory formation. This activity also happens to lead to images being formed. Perhaps dreams start with random meaningless neuron firing (in brainstem or visual association areas), and once images are formed, the brain scrambles to make up a story TERM 34 MeditationWhat is it- what does it involve? DEFINITION 34 Methods of relaxation, through clearing ones mind and focusing on basic bodily processes -Often involves the Buddhist practice of mindfulness-focusing COMPLETELY on the present moment (no to do lists, daydreaming, going over a song in your head)-Can involve repeating a phrase, or counting to an arbitrary number, this prevents mind from wandering TERM 35 Meditation is discussed as an example of DEFINITION 35 top down control, that higher colitional brain centers can affect the workings of more primitive areas like the hypothalamus TERM 46 Methamphetamines DEFINITION 46 -taken orally, or through the nose; can be smoked, injected-like amphetamines (speed), but more potent-stimulate dopamine pathways (mesolimbic), and pathways for epinephrine and norepinephrine-effects: pleasurable high, wakefulness, increased physical activity, increased HR and respiration, decreased appetitie-can be very addictive; users develop tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms TERM 47 Adderall DEFINITION 47 -oral prescription, for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and narcolepsy (sudden sleep attacks)-like amphetamines (speed), but more potent-combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine-central nervous system stimulant, causing increased HR, BP, and respiration, increased arousal/wakefulness, and decreased appetite-stimulate dopamine pathways-can be dangerous, especially to the cardiovascular system, but the primary difference between Adderall and amphetamine drugs that are abused is that the prescription drug increases dopamine SLOWLY and steadily, somewhat mimicking natural production in the brain TERM 48 Drug Tolerance DEFINITION 48 Smaller effects if taken repeatedly. More is needed for the same amount of effect. TERM 49 Withdrawal DEFINITION 49 When drug use is stopped, cravings and unwanted symptoms occur that are generally opposite in direction to the initial drug effects (tired without caffeine) TERM 50 How does tolerance/withdrawal occur? DEFINITION 50 Many ways. In chronic methamphetamine users, neuron endings (synaptic terminals) storing and releasing dopamine are actually destroyed. This makes future effects of the drug less potent, and the dopamine system less efficient TERM 51 Psychological addiction? DEFINITION 51 instead of or in addition to physical/bodily dependence, there is often psychological addiction with drugs. These come from habits, learned associations and expectations (being with friend who do drug x, smoking and drinking at the same time, brewing coffee/meeting friends at the coffee house) TERM 52 Memory- 3 step process/product DEFINITION 52 -Encoding: When information is first learned, organizing it and getting it into the mind-Storage: memories put into long- term memory as we repeat and elavorate on information, we store it-Retrieval: memory is recalled, behavioral response is performed TERM 53 Stage Model of Memory (Information Processing Model) DEFINITION 53 -Perhaps the most specific, but far from perfect- Information/stimulation-> sensory register-> short term memorylong term memoryMost of the information that comes is forgotten . Forgetting can happen TERM 54 Sensory register- DEFINITION 54 very brief memory within the sense alone, information is there for a short time and then it is gone. If it is attended to, it moves to short term memory TERM 55 Short term memory DEFINITION 55 is less than 30 seconds. If we want to store it, it moves to long term memory (storage). TERM 56 Retrieval is DEFINITION 56 recalling information from long-term memory into short term memory; things are easy to remember if they are very different ..emotional attachment TERM 57 Rehearsal occurs in DEFINITION 57 short-term memory and keeps information there (remembering a phone number from the phonebook to dialing) TERM 58 Criticisms of Stage Model of Memory DEFINITION 58 -Memory is not a linear process; its more complex and 3 dimensional. Difference between STM and LTM is a matter of degree, and maybe not all LTM is the same.Memory is Fragile, prone to change TERM 59 Elizabeth Loftus: DEFINITION 59 memories are reconstructions, not straight recall of facts. - out memory isn't as good as we think-phrasing of questions is very important in discussing recall (traffic accident questions The vs a bumper) TERM 60 Courtrooms and eyewitness testimony DEFINITION 60 - we can be prone to change our memory at the time of recall. The way in which a question is asked can impact how the information is recalled and how the question is answered. Eg. Watching video of a car accident- students were twice as likely to respone in the affirmative if an definite article (a the) than if not. TERM 71 Negative consequences have undesirable effects: DEFINITION 71 Escape, aggression, apathy, countercontrol (asserting freedom by only doing what is required) TERM 72 Premature cognitive commitment DEFINITION 72 - We carry with us a bias based on our past and we use that bias to communicate and interact with others. We make generalizations based on our past. TERM 73 Classical/ Pavlovian/Respondent Conditioning DEFINITION 73 Classical conditioning (Pavlov) the subjct is passive during classical conditioning. Classical learning is unconscious. It just happens. -Pavlov put dogs in situations, giave the dog food with a bell sound before or at the same time-the dog salivated-the stimulus causes the behavior TERM 74 3 stages: DEFINITION 74 UCS causes/elicits UCR (Food elicits salivation) TERM 75 Acquisition: DEFINITION 75 NS paired with UCS and elicits the uCR (bell slightly before) TERM 76 Extinction DEFINITION 76 -presenting CS with CR without UCS (Bell elicits salivation. The response begins to decrease if the CS continues to be presented without UCS). TERM 77 Spontaneous recovery- DEFINITION 77 after a period of time away from the procedure and try again and the conditioned response will occur again but to a lesser degree TERM 78 Little Albert Example: DEFINITION 78 Loud nosie paired with white rat. Infant was conditioned to respond fearfully to the rat TERM 79 Stimulus generalization- DEFINITION 79 applying a learned response to similar kinds of stimuli TERM 80 Mary Cover Jones- DEFINITION 80 deconditioning/counterconditioning fear TERM 81 Little peter rabbit example DEFINITION 81 Little Peter came to the lab afraid of rabbitsShe put the infant in a high chair and fed him with a rabbit in the corner of the room. She had him doing something he liked and on successive days moved the ravvit closer and closer. Eventually, he was no longer afraid of the rabit. TERM 82 behavior is instrumental in: the participant is: the organism is: DEFINITION 82 Behavior is instrumental in receiving the consequenc.e The participant is not passive. The organism is operating on the environment. TERM 83 Trial and Error/ Success Learning is an example. DEFINITION 83 Example: Fear in box (miller box). Dogs were placed into a box with a shocking floor. The experimentars controlled when the dog was hsoecked. One side of the box will shock and the other will not. After pairings of a light with the shock, the dogs learned to go to the nonshocking side of the box when the light came on (Consequence avoidant learning) TERM 84 Learned helplessness: DEFINITION 84 dog in box with both sides shocking. Dog eventually stopped trying to get away and laid down when the lights came on. TERM 85 Skinner Box- DEFINITION 85 - a box that provided food to an organism when a level/key/etc was pressed-Often used with rats and pigeons- Box attached to a device than can record responding rates and when reinforcement/food given TERM 96 Unconditioned vs. conditioned stimulus DEFINITION 96 the conditioned stimulus is the bell TERM 97 Unconditioned vs conditioned response DEFINITION 97 The unconditioned response is the salivation. The conditioned response is the salivation to the bell alone TERM 98 Acquisition : DEFINITION 98 learning over subsequent trials TERM 99 Extinction: DEFINITION 99 when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over without the unconditioned stimulus, the response will go into extinction. (less salivation to bell) TERM 100 Spontaneous recovery: DEFINITION 100 let the dog rest from the trials for 24 hours after extinction, when you bring them back, the dog will salivate to the bell again without food TERM 101 Operant conditioning (Skinner) DEFINITION 101 also call instrumental conditioning; not reflexive- classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur at the same time TERM 102 Thorndikes Puzzle Box DEFINITION 102 The cat operated on the environment to get the consequences TERM 103 Primary vs secondary reinforce or punisher: DEFINITION 103 Primary: you didn't have to learn it...foodSecondary: you have to learn the association or the value of something..money TERM 104 Premack Principle: DEFINITION 104 Just watch what people do in their free time..that is a reinforcer..set up a contingency doing thing you don't like, you get to do the things you like to do. If you spend more time studying, you get extra recess TERM 105 Continuous vs partial reinforcement schedule: DEFINITION 105 continuous is reinforcement that happens every time the behavior occurs. -Partial reinforcement is discussed below as fixed or variable. The reinforcement doesn't occur every time the behavior occurs. Takes longer to learn TERM 106 Fixed vs variable schedule DEFINITION 106 Fixed: every nth response gets a rewardVariable: can't be predicted TERM 107 Ratio vs interval schedule DEFINITION 107 Ratio: determining consequence based on number of behaviorsInterval: basing the schedule on time TERM 108 Variable ratio: DEFINITION 108 cant be predicted and consequence is based on a number of behaviors (gambling behavior, very steady responding) TERM 109 How long do different ages sleep DEFINITION 109 Go to bed at the same time and get up at the same times Babies/infants-half of sleep is REM, sleeping half or more of the day Children sleep 10ish hours a day with more REM than young adults Young adults-about 8 hrs of sleep a day Adults- about 7 hrs of sleep a day Should be careful about getting too much sleep but there is no evidence for a causal relationship with lifespan TERM 110 Sleeping cycles DEFINITION 110 Length of time in stages a.Early in evening a.11 pm by midnight/1 am in deep sleep b.3/4/5 am spend a lot of time in REM b.Go through cycles of sleep every 90 to 100 minutes a.Awake to stage 4 to REM to stage 4 to REM to awake b.See dr. hoffmans slides for images c.Stage 1 and 2 are transitions and we dont spend a great deal of time in those areas d.REM gernerally doesnt start occurring until half way throught the evening e.As the night continues you spend more and more time in REM TERM 121 Vicarious reinforcement and punishment- DEFINITION 121 we are reinforced vicariously (inderectyly, through other people. If we see our brother get punished for hitting we learn not to hit through him. We see someone else get pulled over on the road, we learn to go lsower vicariously throught that other drivers experience. TERM 122 Observational leaning and aggression DEFINITION 122 -watching aggressive behavior o nTV can increase aggression among individuals. There are two theories..observational learning says that this is the case and that aggressive tv can increase aggression . The second theory, Freuds thory of Catharsis says that watching aggressive tv allows us to reduce aggressive behavior through others TERM 123 Homeostasis: DEFINITION 123 hunger, thirst- if you havent slep or eater oretc. enough then there is a drive to balance homeostasis and biolobically fulufill those needs TERM 124 Risk homeostasis: DEFINITION 124 We have different levels of risk..people driving have different safety devices..do people take more risks when thtey have more safety devices. YES! Go-Kart trackmeasured how fast people drove the go-carts around the track..15 alps with safety belt and 15 laps without the safety blet 15 laps without safety belt and 15 laps with safety belt..both directions..people drove faster with safety belt TERM 125 Behavior is directed by DEFINITION 125 activations and motivated by consequences TERM 126 Extrinsic Motivation: DEFINITION 126 motivated by external rewards..pay raises, gratification Incentives: Toyota suggestion system with 6000 employees. Received 35,000 suggestions a month.. 1 suggestion was take, the 10% profit from suggestion for a year went to the team with the suggestions TERM 127 Intrinsic Motivations DEFINITION 127 : motivated by natural consequences..pure enjoyment..internally motivated. The joy of doing something and seeing the fuits of your labor. Seeing the natural consequences of our labor is enough If you are intrinsivally motivatedover justification effect TERM 128 Overjustification effect DEFINITION 128 you are intrinsically motivated to do something and then an extrinsic/externaml reward is added may demotivate, over justification..Im on lyd doing this behavior ofr the money, I dont actually enjoy it. TERM 129 Maslows Hierarchy of Motives/ Needs DEFINITION 129 we climb a ladder, starting at the bottom and satisy each rung of the ladder as we get older/ go through the hierarchy. (physiological., safety, acceptance, esteem, self actualization) the further you get the high ther level needs. -self actualization: you have accomplished all that you can do, completed your bucket list -new version of Maslows hierarchy, also includes self- transcendency after self actualization TERM 130 We are motivated by DEFINITION 130 our need for novelty..experiencing new and differen things. We have anoptimal level of arousal from novelty. We seek out stimulus that are novel (education) TERM 131 Arousal and performance: The yerkes- dodson law DEFINITION 131 The yerkes-Dodson law -role of task complexity and anxiety - we perform bes tat a certain moderate/high level of anxiety. It is an upside down u graph. Performance on the y axis and anxiety on the x axis TERM 132 Achievement motivation DEFINITION 132 : approach vs avoidance goals- are we motivated to perform well or to avoid failure? TERM 133 Self motivation: DEFINITION 133 choice, competence, and community when do you feel self motivated ..to be the best you can be. The more choice you believe/ perceive you have (autonomy), the more competence you have at that behavior (self-efficacy), and the greater sense of community you have (interdenpendence/relatedness). TERM 134 Emotions: DEFINITION 134 six basic emotions..exhibited in our body language: happy, elated, surprise, fearful, angry sad TERM 135 James lang Theory- DEFINITION 135 Behavior (body reaction) before emotion: have emotion provoking stimulus, you have a physiological reaction, then we feel the emotion. (see accident, tremble, fear)