Historical Overview of Early Cinema and Film Movements, Exams of Communication

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HOTWA 3 Film 42 actual exam questions and answers 2024- 2025 What was the first 'cinema' experience? - answer the Lumiere brothers, with a cinematograph (which could shoot, develop and project film), showing workers leaving work What were the two aproaches of early cinema ? - answer two approaches were documentation of the real world (lumiere brothers) and an exploration of fictional/abstract worlds, like george melies. what is the general term for early cinema? - answer the cinema of attractions What was early cinema interested in? - answer exploring what the new medium could do, how to present images in new forms. moving beyond narrative/story, interested in technical feats Name the characteristics of french impressionism (1919-1929) - answer - reaction to the succes of hollywood - based on the theory of photogénie - subjectivity (pov shots, blurs, colors) - emotions and rhythm > narrative Explain photogénie - answer - unique quality that objects take on when they are photographed (informed framing, optical effects etc.) - cinema gives us access to a hidden realm (souls of people, essences of objects) Was expressionism late or early to film? - answer very late, would have already peaked in other media Name the three types of german expressionism - answer 1. spectacles (historical epics) 2. Expressionist film 3. Kammerspiel (chamber drama) Name the stylistic characteristicsc of german expressionism for cinematography - answer - very little camera movement - unusual, unexpected angles Name the stylistic characteristicsc of german expressionism for lighting - answer - sharp lights - chiaroscuro - shadows Name the stylistic characteristicsc of german expressionism for decor - answer - highly stylised sets - small strets, alleysl, carnivalesque spaces - sharp lines - multiple angles - anti-bourgeois, absurd humor dadaist FILM characteristics - answer - free association - dream-like mise-en-scene - materiality of words - materiality of film - found objects/images - soft focus: ambuigity, uncertainty, fluidity - non-representational attitude Surrealist credited the camera with what? - answer an accurate ability to capture the otherwise inaccessible, visual unfolding of dreams, away from the constraints of logical or verbal discourse characteristics surrealist film - answer - no logic of space and time - psychoanalysis: transferring dreams without the filter of thought - breaking order - strong sexual undertones - violece - meaning is between the artwork and the viewer and is not given by the filmmaker Did surrealism have a manifesto? - answer yes Two forms of surrealism: - answer automatism and dream painting What did surrealism want to achieve through psycho-analytical analysis of marx and freud? - answer an intellectual revolution through dreams What was film pre-revolution? - answer unpopular Why was making films difficult in russia for a while? - answer there was no import of film equipment, since capitalist companies did not want to work with Russia anymore What happened to film after the revolution? - answer - Film got nationalised - Becomes the art of the masses, not the bourgeois (since local films were being made) - new kind of language, also accessible for the illiterate How did film function withtin film in russia? - answer - agitrop: news reels, travv=elled across the country by train to spread the revolution with the mass as a protagonist - Was interested in the mass and not in the individual (which was what other dicsiplines were interested in) - abstract forms had use, connected to the revolution What happened to art after the russian revolution? - answer all art had to have a social function Which film movement is closely connected to constructivism? - answer the montahe movement Constructuvisim contains inspiration from which art movements? - answer french cubism, italian futurism and russian cubo-futurism Explain the kuleshow effect - answer meanig is created between images, or, relation dictates meaning. a + b = c Explain the intellectual montage - answer a type of edinting that makes use of the kuleshov effects and creates logical relationships through association. it uses non-diegetic inserts Soviet montage narrrative qualities - answer social forces as the source of causes and effects Soviet montage editing qualities - answer dynamic, rapid, rhythmic editing; great number of shots, cuts stimulate the viewer, discontinuity editing; overlapping editing; elliptical editing; jump cutsl intercutting; non-diegetic inserts; graphic contrast; creating conflict through editing Soviet montage camerawork qualities - answer meaningful use of low or canted angels; perspective Soviet montage special effects qualities - answer split screen; superimposition Soviet montage mise-en-scene qualities - answer juxtaposition and contrast; distinctive lighting; typage acting Thesis statement constructivism? - answer looking outwards, optimistic, human as social agent, structures, class struggle