Understanding Government and Private Healthcare Costs: National Health Expenditures, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Government and Private Healthcare Costs: National Health Expenditures and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! HSAD 525 National Health Expenditures Latest Assessment Q & A 2024 1. What is the name of the framework that identifies all final consumption of health care goods and services as well as investment in a given year that is purchased or provided by direct or third-party payments and programs in the U.S.? a) National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA) * b) National Health Expenditure Database (NHEX) c) National Health Expenditure Fact Sheet (NHEFS) d) National Health Expenditure Projections (NHEP) 2. What was the total amount of national health expenditure (NHE) in the U.S. in 2022, according to the NHE Fact Sheet? a) $3.5 trillion b) $4.5 trillion * c) $5.5 trillion d) $6.5 trillion 3. What was the share of federal government in sponsoring total health spending in the U.S. in 2022, according to the NHE Fact Sheet? a) 23 percent b) 28 percent c) 33 percent * d) 38 percent 4. What is the projected average annual growth rate of NHE in the U.S. over 2022-2031, according to the NHE projections? a) 4.6 percent 12. What was the share of public sector in health expenditure in Canada in 2020, according to NHEX? a) 60.8 percent * b) 64.8 percent c) 68.8 percent d) 72.8 percent 13. What was the per capita health expenditure in Canada in 2020, according to NHEX? a) $6,492 b) $7,012 * c) $7,532 d) $8,052 14. What was the share of hospital expenditures in total health expenditure in Canada in 2020, according to NHEX? a) 23.9 percent * b) 25.9 percent c) 27.9 percent d) 29.9 percent 15. What was the share of prescription drugs expenditures in total health expenditure in Canada in 2020, according to NHEX? a) 14.5 percent b) 15.5 percent * c) 16.5 percent d) 17.5 percent Rationales: 1. The NHEA is the framework that identifies all final consumption of health care goods and services as well as investment in a given year that is purchased or provided by direct or third-party payments and programs in the U.S. (source: ) 2. The total amount of NHE in the U.S. in 2022 was $4.5 trillion, according to the NHE Fact Sheet (source: ) 3. The share of federal government in sponsoring total health spending in the U.S. in 2022 was 33 percent, according to the NHE Fact Sheet (source: ) 4. The projected average annual growth rate of NHE in the U.S. over 2022-2031 was 5.4 percent, according to the NHE projections (source: ) 5. The projected share of health spending in GDP in the U.S. by 2031 was 19.6 percent, according to the NHE projections (source: ) 6. The Inflation Reduction Act was the legislation that was projected to result in lower out-of-pocket spending on prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries in the U.S. from 2024 onwards, according to the NHE projections (source: ) 7. The per person personal health care spending for the 65 and older population in the U.S. in 2020 was $22,356, according to the NHE by age group and sex data (source: ) 8. The share of children in population and personal health care spending in the U.S. in 2020 was 23 percent and 10 percent, respectively, according to the NHE by age group and sex data (source: ) 9. The mandate of the NHEX at the CIHI is to provide a comprehensive, consistent and integrated set of health expenditure data for Canada (source: ) 10. The two main components of health expenditure in Canada, according to NHEX, are public sector and private sector (source: ) 11. The total amount of health expenditure in Canada in 2020 was $264 billion, according to NHEX (source: ) 12. The share of public sector in health expenditure in Canada in 2020 was 60.8 percent, according to NHEX (source: ) 13. The per capita health expenditure in Canada in 2020 was $7,012, according to NHEX (source: ) 14. The share of hospital expenditures in total health expenditure in Canada in 2020 was 23.9 percent, according to NHEX (source: ) 15. The share of prescription drugs expenditures in total health expenditure in Canada in 2020 was 15.5 percent, according to NHEX (source: ) 1. Which of the following statements best describes National Health Expenditures (NHE)? a) It refers to the total amount of money spent by individuals on healthcare. b) It represents the financial resources used to deliver healthcare services within a country. c) It primarily focuses on the amount of money spent by the government on healthcare programs. d) It encompasses the personal out-of-pocket expenses 5. Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of analyzing National Health Expenditures? a) Evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems b) Identifying disparities in access to healthcare services c) Assessing healthcare providers' adherence to quality standards d) Determining healthcare consumer satisfaction levels Answer: d) Determining healthcare consumer satisfaction levels Rationale: Analyzing National Health Expenditures focuses on evaluating the efficiency, effectiveness, disparities, and quality of healthcare services. Healthcare consumer satisfaction levels are assessed through separate surveys and consumer feedback mechanisms. 6. The concept of "bending the cost curve" in National Health Expenditures refers to: a) Reducing healthcare costs by shifting the burden onto patients and their families. b) Implementing strategies to slow down the rate of growth in healthcare spending. c) Eliminating unnecessary administrative expenses to streamline the healthcare system. d) Increasing government intervention to control and regulate healthcare pricing. Answer: b) Implementing strategies to slow down the rate of growth in healthcare spending. Rationale: "Bending the cost curve" refers to implementing various strategies to reduce the rate of growth in healthcare spending, including cost containment measures, promoting preventive care, and advancing healthcare delivery models. 7. Which of the following is an example of indirect healthcare costs? a) Out-of-pocket expenses for prescription medications b) Payments made by patients for physician consultations c) Loss of productivity due to illness or absenteeism from work d) Fees charged by nursing homes for long-term care Answer: c) Loss of productivity due to illness or absenteeism from work Rationale: Indirect healthcare costs refer to expenses that are not directly related to healthcare services themselves but are incurred as a result of illness, such as lost productivity, absenteeism, disability payments, or job retraining costs. 8. A country with a high proportion of out-of-pocket payments in healthcare funding is likely to face which challenge? a) Difficulty in assessing the overall cost of healthcare b) Unequal access to healthcare services based on income levels c) Limited availability of healthcare facilities and providers d) Inadequate funding for research and technological innovation Answer: b) Unequal access to healthcare services based on income levels Rationale: High out-of-pocket payment proportions can lead to inequalities in access to healthcare, as individuals with limited financial means may be unable to afford necessary medical services, resulting in delayed or inadequate care. 9. Which of the following is an important consideration when using National Health Expenditures data to compare countries? a) Differences in population size and demographics b) The role of pharmaceutical companies in each country c) The level of corruption in the healthcare sector d) The availability of alternative healthcare financing models Answer: a) Differences in population size and demographics Rationale: When comparing National Health Expenditures among countries, it is crucial to consider variations in population size, age demographics, and disease prevalence, as these factors can significantly influence healthcare spending patterns. 10. The concept of "value-based healthcare" focuses on: a) Reducing the costs of healthcare services without compromising quality b) Maximizing the financial profits of healthcare providers patient Answer: d) The specific diagnosis and treatment provided to each patient Rationale: In a fee-for-service reimbursement model, healthcare providers receive payment based on the specific diagnosis, treatment, and procedures performed for each patient, typically with separate billing codes assigned to each task. 14. Which of the following external factors can influence National Health Expenditures within a country? a) Healthcare infrastructure development and maintenance b) Availability of well-trained and qualified healthcare professionals c) Deployment of efficient healthcare information systems d) International economic conditions and global health crises Answer: d) International economic conditions and global health crises Rationale: International economic conditions, such as economic downturns or fluctuations, along with global health crises (e.g., pandemics), can have a significant impact on National Health Expenditures by necessitating increased spending on healthcare services or disrupting the stability of national healthcare financing. 15. Which of the following measures is commonly used to assess the efficiency of National Health Expenditures? a) Healthcare workforce shortages b) Patient satisfaction surveys c) Access to healthcare services d) Healthcare cost per capita Answer: d) Healthcare cost per capita Rationale: The healthcare cost per capita is a commonly used measure to assess the efficiency of National Health Expenditures. It examines the allocation of financial resources per individual in relation to healthcare outcomes and population health. Question: What is included in National Health Expenditures? A. Only direct patient care costs B. Healthcare services, supplies, and equipment C. Administrative costs only D. Research and development expenses Answer: B. Healthcare services, supplies, and equipment Rationale: National Health Expenditures include a wide range of healthcare-related costs, including services, supplies, equipment, and more. Question: Which of the following is not considered a source of funding for National Health Expenditures? A. Private health insurance B. Out-of-pocket payments C. Government funding D. Pharmaceutical companies' donations Answer: D. Pharmaceutical companies' donations Rationale: While pharmaceutical companies may contribute to healthcare funding, their donations are not typically considered a primary source for National Health Expenditures. Question: What is the role of GDP in National Health Expenditures? A. It has no correlation with healthcare spending B. Higher GDP leads to lower healthcare spending C. Higher GDP is associated with higher healthcare spending D. GDP directly determines healthcare funding allocations Answer: C. Higher GDP is associated with higher healthcare spending Rationale: Generally, countries with higher GDP tend to allocate more resources to healthcare, resulting in higher National Health Expenditures. Question: Which age group typically incurs higher healthcare expenses in National Health Expenditures? A. Children under 5 years old B. Adolescents aged 12-18 Answer: B. Inpatient care Rationale: Inpatient care, including hospital services, generally constitutes a substantial portion of National Health Expenditures. Question: What is the impact of chronic diseases on National Health Expenditures? A. Chronic diseases reduce healthcare costs B. They have no influence on healthcare spending C. Chronic diseases increase healthcare costs D. Chronic diseases are unrelated to healthcare funding Answer: C. Chronic diseases increase healthcare costs Rationale: Chronic diseases often require long-term management and care, contributing to higher National Health Expenditures. Question: How does population aging affect National Health Expenditures? A. It decreases healthcare spending B. It has no impact on healthcare costs C. Population aging leads to higher healthcare spending D. Population aging only affects non-medical expenses Answer: C. Population aging leads to higher healthcare spending Rationale: As the population ages, there is an increased demand for healthcare services, leading to higher National Health Expenditures. Question: What role does insurance coverage play in National Health Expenditures? A. It has no effect on healthcare spending B. Insurance coverage reduces healthcare costs C. Insurance coverage increases healthcare costs D. Insurance coverage is solely for legal purposes Answer: C. Insurance coverage increases healthcare costs Rationale: Insurance coverage often leads to increased healthcare utilization, contributing to higher National Health Expenditures. Question: What is the relationship between healthcare workforce wages and National Health Expenditures? A. Higher wages decrease healthcare spending B. There is no correlation between wages and healthcare costs C. Higher wages contribute to higher healthcare spending D. Wages are not related to healthcare funding Answer: C. Higher wages contribute to higher healthcare spending Rationale: Increased healthcare workforce wages add to the overall healthcare costs, impacting National Health Expenditures. Question: How do public health initiatives influence National Health Expenditures? A. They have no effect on healthcare spending B. Public health initiatives reduce healthcare costs C. Public health initiatives increase healthcare costs D. Public health initiatives are unrelated to financial aspects of healthcare Answer: B. Public health initiatives reduce healthcare costs Rationale: Effective public health initiatives can lead to preventive measures, potentially reducing overall healthcare costs and National Health Expenditures. Question: Which of the following factors may contribute to disparities in National Health Expenditures within a country? A. Geographic location B. Educational institutions C. Entertainment industry D. Transportation infrastructure Answer: A. Geographic location Rationale: Variations in geographic location can lead to differences in access to healthcare services and resources, impacting National Health Expenditures.