Human Anatomy and Physiology I - Exam 1 Study Guide | BSCI 201, Study notes of Physiology

Download Human Anatomy and Physiology I - Exam 1 Study Guide | BSCI 201 and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! 1. Define: anatomy, physiology, homeostasis Anatomy-the study of the structures of the body and how they relate to one another’ Physiology- the study of the function of the body’s parts Homeostasis- maintenance of a stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing. 2. Explain the statement “structure defines function” 3. Body cavities a. Dorsal cavity - consists of the cranial (houses the brain) and vertebral (houses the spinal cord) cavities. Membranes called the meninges surround structures located in the dorsal cavity. b. Ventral cavity - consists of the thoracic (houses the heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic (houses digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems) cavities. Thoracic and abdominopelvic are separated by the diaphragm. Membrane called the serous membrane surround structures in the ventral body cavity. 4. Levels of organization - define each level. (lowest to highest) What is an organism? Chemical level-atoms combine to form molecules Cellular level-cells are made up of molecules Tissue level- tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level- organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level-organ systems are made of different organs that work together Organismal level- organisms are made up of many organ systems. 5. The chemical level: define protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number. Protons-positively charged particles, located in the nucleus Neutrons-uncharged particles, located in the nucleus, these add density Electrons-negatively charged particles, surrounding the nucleus Atomic number- number of protons 6. What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus? The overall charge of the atomic nucleus is positive, but the overall charge of an atom is zero. 7. What is the net charge of an atom? The net charge is zero. The number of protons equals the number of electrons. 8. Define the 3 types of chemical bonds discussed and give the order of increasing bond strength (from strongest to weakest). Which one is stronger, a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond? Give an example of a polar covalent molecule. Non-polar covalent bond- equal sharing of electrons (CO2) Polar Covalent bonds-un equal sharing of electrons (H2O) Ionic bonds- complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another (NaCl) Hydrogen bonds- bond between hydrogen atoms (electropositive) and electronegative ions. These are already in polar covalent bonds. A non-polar covalent bond is stronger because the equal sharing makes the bonds stronger. A polar covalent bond would be H20. 9. Define: ions, cations, anions Ions-charged particles Cations-the atom donating the electron becomes positively charged Anions-the atom receiving the electron becomes negatively charged 10. Inorganic compounds: Water (universal solvent), Acids (proton donors), Bases (proton acceptors). What are salts? Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon (except CO2 and CO because they do not have two carbons bonded together). Water-universal solvent, absorbs body heat, water evaporates from body, thereby using heat and cools the body, cushions organs Acids- substances that release H+ protons. Negative log of H+ concentration= pH. The higher the H+ the lower the pH (HCl). Bases- substances that accept H+ protons (NaOH). Salts- ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water giving off anions and cations. 11. Organic compounds: a. Carbohydrates: Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides monosaccharides- (CH2O)n; hexose (glucose, fructose, galactose) and pentose (deoxyribose and ribose). Sweet. Soluble in water. disaccharides- composed of two hexose sugars; maltose (glucose+glucose); sucrose (glucose+fructose); lactose (glucose+galactose). Sweet. Soluble in water. polysaccharides- composed of long chains of glucose. Starch in plant cells; glycogen in animal cells. Insoluble in water. Not sweet. b. Define each of the 4 structural levels of proteins - At what structural level of proteins do we have the alpha helix and the Beta pleated sheets? Primary-linear polypeptide structure Secondary- twisting/bending to form alpha helix (coiled) or beta pleated (sheet) Tertiary-secondary folds upon itself to make a compact, globular model. 3 dimensional, sensitive to heat or pH. Quaternary-2 or more polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bonds. c. Name the 2 classes of proteins: Which class of proteins is also known as structural proteins and why? Fibrous proteins-strand like, insoluble in water, structural Globular proteins-compact, soluble in water, sensitive to pH and temperature, functional proteins, chemically active. Hypertonic solution-cells are placed in a solution of higher concentration than whats inside the cells, so water moves from the cell and the cell shrinks Hemolysis-when cells break open and release their contents. Crenation-when the cell shrinks because water is moving out of it. 14. The cytoplasm: Mitochondria (power houses)-always changing shape, thread like, have their own DNA, self replicating, 2 membranes, inner membrane called cristae. Breakdown food with oxygen, to release energy. Ribosomes-sites of protein synthesis. Consists of protein and RNA. Creates functional RNA. Synthesizes proteins. Rough ER-membrane factories. Synthesize plasma protein and secretory proteins. Abundant in secretory cells like liver cells. Smooth ER-lipid/drug metabolism. Synthesize fats, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. Detox of drugs and carcinogens in liver and kidney cells. Lysosomes (demolition sites)-contains powerful digestive enzymes that remain in the cell. Abundant in phagocytes. Bone reabsorption to release calcium. Peroxisomes-neutralize harmful free radicals. Contains oxideases and catalases. The oxidases create hydrogen peroxide and the catalases produce water. Golgi apparatus(traffic director)-receives proteins and lipids from the rough ER. Tags things for their specific destinations. What are microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, cilia and flagella. What is the structural difference between cilia and flagella? Microtubules- hollow tubes made of globular proteins called tubulins. Serve as tracks to transport substances. Microfilaments-composed of the protein actin. Involved in chaning cell shape or motility. Involved in cleave furrow. Involved during endocytosis and exocytosis. Intermediate filaments- most stable. Composed of tough insoluble proteins.tonofilaments in epidermal, neurofilaments in neurons. Cilia-occur in large numbers on exposed surface of cells. Beat to creat current that moves substances across the cell surface Flagella-a single, longer cellular extension. Beats to propel the cell it extends from. The only flagellated cell is sperm. What is the functional difference between cilia and flagella? Cilia moves substances across the cell surface, while flagella actually move the cell. THE NUCLEUS: 1. Name the 3 distinct parts of the nucleus: a. Nuclear envelope (membrane): double layered, selective membrane with nuclear pores. b. Nucleoli – synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Required for assembling ribosomal subunits (small and large). Prominent in cells producing large amounts of proteins. c. Chromatin-composed of DNA and histone proteins. Consists of structural units called nucleosomes (each nucleosome is made of 8 globular histone proteins and is connected by DNA). 2. Describe euchromatin and heterochromatin Heterochromatin-condensed inactive Euchromatin-extended active. 3. What are the subunits of nucleic acids The subunits are called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of pentose sugar- deoxyribose or ribose. A bonds with T, and C bonds with G. 4. Define and describe the phases of a CELL CYCLE Interphase G1-growth. Longest phase, protein synthesis. S-growth and DNA synthesis and replication. G2-growth and preparations for division, protein synthesis. Mitotic phase Prophase-chromosomes appear, nucleoli disappear, nuclear envelope disappears. Metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle. Anaphase- chromosomes split Telophase- new nuclear envelope reforms, nucleoli reappear. Cytokinesis. –separation of the cell. 5. Define: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, neoplasia Neoplasia-abnormal proliferation of cells. Hypertrophy-growth by increase in cell size Hyperplasia-growth by increase in cell number 6. How is DNA replication different from transcriptin? What is the coding strand? DNA replication- the DNA unwinds, each nucleotide strand serves as a template. DNA primes start the replication and then DNA polymerase which then continues the work. The new segments are then spliced together by DNA ligase. Transcription- it’s like the exact same thing as DNA replication except theres a coding strand, and the template strand. The template strand is what connects with the mRNA, the coding strand is identical to the mRNA except the T’s are U’s. 7. Give the differences in structure and function between DNA and RNA DNA-deoxyribose sugar, double helix, A G C T, confined to nucleus, only one type RNA-ribose sugar, single strand, A G C U, present in cytoplasm, three types. 8. What is the difference between pre-mRNA and mRNA? Pre-mRNA is what is actually synthesized from the DNA, however it is processed by enzymes before leaving the nucleus, thus become mRNA. 9. Define: triplet, codons and anticodon Triplet-three base sequence on DNA Codon-corresponding three base sequence on mRNA Anticodon-three base sequence omplementary to the mRNA 10. Give the codon and the anticodon to the triplet "ATC" Codon: UAG Anticodon: AUC TISSUES What are the 4 primary types of tissues? Epithelial: covering Connective: support Muscle:movement Nervous:control EPITHELIAL TISSUE 1. What are the 2 main types of epithelial tissue? Membranous-covering the epithelia Glandular-form the glands that secrete products in the body 2. Give the location and functions of all the types of membranous epithelial tissues. What type is known the Respiratory epithelium? Simple Epithelia Simple Squamous-allows passage through diffusion and filtration-lungs. Simple Cuboidal-secretion and absorption-kidney tubules, ovary surface Simple Columnar-absorption; secretion-nonciliated is in the digestive tract. Ciliated is in the bronchi and uterine tubes Pseudostratified Columar-secretion and propulstion of mucus-non ciliated is male sperm carrying ducts. Ciliated in the trachea. Stratified Epithelia Stratified Squamous- protection-nonkeratinized mouth and vagina. Keratinized forms the skin. Stratified Cuboidal-secretion and protection-salivary and sweat glands Stratified Columnar-secretion and protection-urethra Transitional Epithelium-stretches-bladder 3. What is the composition and location of (a) endothelium (b) mesothelium Endothelium-made of simple squamous cells-lymphatic vessels Mesothelium-made of simple squamous cells-lining of ventral body cavity 4. What are the 2 main types of glandular epithelia? Endocrine glands-secrete directly into extracellular fluid Exocrine glands-secrete onto body surfaces