Social Systems, Neurotransmitters, and Psychology: A Comprehensive Overview, Exams of Psychology

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HUMAN BEHAVIOR FINAL EXAM Understanding human behavior to be the result of interactions of biological, psychological, and social systems is known as the: - biopsychosocial approach Understanding human behavior as changing configurations of person and environment over time is the: - multidimensional approach _______________ refers to a feature that can be focused on separately but also needs to be understood by considering other features. - Dimension Systems that involve direct face-to-face contact among members are known as: - microsystem Interconnections within personal networks are known as: - mesosystems Linkages and interconnections with larger institutions are known as: - exosystems Systems of broader influences like culture, subculture, and social structure are known as: - macrosystem Social and behavioral science theories are based on ______________ or beliefs held to be true without testing or proof, about the nature of human social life. - assumptions When a social work researcher uses methods to measure concepts, standardize the collection of data, preselects variables, and uses statistical methods, this is known as: - quantitative research When a social worker considers the environmental dimensions of any person in a story, they are thinking about: - the physical environment, the community, culture, and families Social categorizations of gender, race, and class create ________________, or unearned advantage for some groups and disadvantage other groups. - privilege The building blocks of theory which allow us to communicate about the phenomena of interest are known as: - concepts Differences among individuals, or individual variations, refers to: - heterogeneity Patterns of groups differences refers to: - diversity When a social worker considers the personal dimensions of any person in a story, they are thinking about: - biological, psychological, spiritual When people believe that they are free and proactive agents in the creation of their behavior, this is related to: - voluntarism traumatic nervous system The basic unit of all the nervous systems is a(n): - neuron The virus that causes AIDS is: - HIV Which factor suggests that individuals will experience negative health effects? - socioeconomic status The neurotransmitter most closely associated with sensory processes, mood, and depression and anxiety diagnosis is: - serotonin A medication which affects behaviors and symptoms associated with diagnoses of mental illness by affecting the levels of specific neurotransmitters and altering the balance among neurotransmitters is: - psychotropic medication A cell body with a nucleus and a conduction fiber is a(n): - axon The endocrine system regulates the secretion of hormones through a: - feedback control mechanism Which region of the brain helps with social functioning, reasoning and thinking, and expressive functioning? - frontal lobe The most common cause of death in the USA is: - cardiovascular disease The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and make appropriate health decisions is known as: - health literacy Public health research and practice is important because: - the healthcare system alone cannot offset the effects of other external environmental forces A person's conscious or preconscious thinking processes are: - cognition A feeling state that is characterized by our appraisal of a stimulus, by changes in bodily sensations, and by displays of expressive gestures is: - emotion A feeling disposition that is stable, less intense, and less tied to a specific situation is: - mood A systematic pattern of thought, action, and problem solving that is an internalized representation of the world is: - schema When Dan responds to an experience based on his existing pattern of thought, action, and problem solving, this is known as: - assimilation Emotions that mobilize us, focus our attention, and signal our state of mind to others are: - primary emotions Billy is in trouble with his parents for breaking his little sister's toy on purpose. He hides in his room to avoid punishment. Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development does this situation define? - preconventional morality A theory that is based on the primacy of internal drives and unconscious mental activity is: - psychoanalytic theory The concept of self as an ongoing process of experience, a process of learning, a process to which there is no end, is incorporated in the philosophy and practice of: - existentialism Cognitive deficits are the: - lacking of information about a situation Jean Piaget's cognitive theory is best understood using which of the major theoretical perspectives: - developmental Which theoretical perspective explains human beings as pleasure seekers and feelers, not as thinkers? - psychodynamic Our experience of emotion is based on the conscious evaluations we make about physiological sensations in particular social settings or the belief that cognition produces emotions is referred to as: - attribution theory A major approach to social work practice with the premise that all of us are engaged in an ongoing process of constructing a life story that determines our understanding of ourselves is: - narrative theory In the theory of multiple intelligence, the brain is best understood as: - a central unit of neurological functioning that houses relatively separate cognitive facilities The interpersonal interactions and relationships that provide us with assistance or feelings of attachment to persons we perceive as caring are called: - social support In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the challenge of intimacy versus isolation takes place in which life stage? - young adulthood The body's response to a stressor is called: - general adaption syndrome When a person experiences a set of symptoms that include persistently reliving an event, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, and continuing to have a persistent high state of arousal this is called: - PTSD A person's search for a sense of meaning and morally fulfilling relationships between oneself, others, and the universe is called: - spirituality The patterning of spiritual beliefs and practice into social institutions, with community support and traditions maintained over time is called: - religion A universal aspect of human existence which is an integral, centering process underlying the formation of beliefs, values, and meanings is called: - faith A therapeutic approach based on dynamic theories of human behavior with the prime concern to deal with repression and resolving instinctual conflicts is which of the following? - First Force Therapies A therapeutic approach based on transpersonal theories and specifically targeted to the spiritual dimension of a person's life is which of the following? - Fourth Force Therapies Infants who are learning to trust or not to trust their immediate environment, developing a sense of object permanence, and forming first preimages or a sense of the ultimate are in which of Fowler's Stages of Faith Development? - Prestage-primal faith Adolescents who have a capacity for abstract thinking and manipulation of concepts which affects the process of developing both identity and faith are in which of Fowler's Stages of Faith Development? - Synthetic-conventional faith Young adults who have increased responsibility for commitments, lifestyle, beliefs, and attitudes are in which of Fowler's Stages of Faith Development? - Individuative-reflective faith When children have the tools of speech and symbolic representation they are in which of Fowler's Stages of Faith Development? - Intuitive-projective faith People who are able to live sacrificial lives aimed at transformation of humankind are in what stage of Fowler's Stages of Faith Development? - Universalizing faith Various developmental milestones that unfold within the human psyche describe which of the four components of Wilber's Integral Theory of Consciousness? - Levels of consciousness Ordinary experiences such as sleeping or dreaming and nonordinary experiences such as peak experiences or religious experiences describe which of the four components of Wilber's Integral Theory of Consciousness? - States of consciousness All levels, lines, and states of consciousness are navigated by which of the following components of Wilber's Integral Theory of Consciousness? - self-system The security and certainty of one view of the universe, one answer to profound and mundane questions, and one approach to organizing collective life is known as: - sacred canopy Fowler's Stages of Faith Development is most associated with which of the major theoretical perspectives: - developmental Five broad historical phases trace the development of linkages between spirituality and social work in the U.S. the phase that included competing explanations of human behavior that distinguished between individual moral blame and a focus on social reform and social justice is which of the following phases: - sectarian origins A major focus of transpersonal theory is: - humanity's highest potential Which of the following theories presents the key idea that the physical environment is a source of sensory information essential for human well-being? - stimulation theory Which of the following theories presents the key idea that consistent, uniform patterns of action occur in particular settings? - behavior settings theory The learned repertory of thoughts and actions exhibited by members of a social group, independent of genetic heredity from one generation to the next, is a categorical cultural definition of: - social heritage and tradition The complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society is a categorical cultural definition of: - enumeration of social context The sum total of the material and intellectual equipment whereby people satisfy their biological and social needs and adapt themselves to their environment is a categorical cultural definition of: - psychological and social adjustment and learning The tendency to elevate the social and cultural processes of one's own society over others is known as: - ethnocentrism A cognitive concept of nature, of self, of society that gives an idea of reality is a(n): - worldview A process of handing down particular cultural beliefs and practices is defined as: - tradition A process of culture change in which the cultural uniqueness of the minority is abandoned and its members try to blend invisibly into the dominant culture is defined as: - assimilation A process of culture change where there is mutual sharing of culture is defined as: - acculturation _____________ is a system of social identity. - race _____________ occurs when groups define themselves and maintain meaning for living individually and as a group. - ethnic identity Patterned ways of solving problems and meeting the needs of a particular society can be defined as a(n): - social institution Specific social positions that carry expected behaviors with them can be defined as: - status A set of human interactions developed by human beings to impose constraints on human interaction for the purpose of the survival and well-being of the collectivity is a: - social structure Regulating procreation and conducting initial socialization are some of the functions of which social institution? - family and kinship Helping to maintain social control and answering questions about meaning and life purpose are some of the functions of which social institution? - religion Maintaining and enforcing societal rules, resolving internal and external conflicts, and mobilizing collective resources to meet societal goals are the functions of which social institution? - government and political Regulating production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services are the functions of which social institution? - economic Passing along formal knowledge from one generation to the next and helping to socialize individuals are the functions of which social institution? - education The social institution that primarily promotes general health is which social institution? - health care The social institution that helps manage the flow of information, images, and ideas is which social institution? - mass media Which of the following historical factors is important in order to understand the complexity of government and politics? - economic globalization ____________ sees equality as the natural, divine order, and inequality as based on abuse of privilege. - radical antithesis Which of the following theorists saw a class division as based on life chances in the market place? - Max Weber A concept endorsed by social scientists who emphasize the capacity of humans to create their own realities and who give central roles to human actors, not social structures: - human agency What is another term for 'society'? - social structure Research based on the Glen Elder's Economic Stress Model suggests that: - economic hardship leads to economic pressure, which leads to parent distress, which leads to disrupted family relationships, which leads to child and adolescent adjustment problems Social policy has focused on the following two priorities to improve the situation of children living in lone parent families. - marriage incentives and improved child support payments A collection of individuals who interact with each other, perceive themselves as belonging to a group, and are interdependent with a focus on goals and rules and norms is generally defined as a: - small group Which of the following are the benefits of working in a small group, according to the book? - socialization, networking, support, conversation, belonging When the main purpose of a group is to assist individuals to resolve emotional and behavioral problems it is a: - therapy group When the main purpose of a group is for the provision of information about an experience or problem it is a: - psychoeducational group When the main purpose of a group is to use the commonality of the problem or issue to build social support among members it is a: - self-help group Melinda is a part of a local city committee to examine the possibility of building a homeless shelter. This is an example of what kind of group? - task A group which has a defined purpose and is developed through the efforts of outsiders represent the dimension of what kind of group structure? - formed group Groups where there is one set time for termination represents the dimension of what kind of group structure? - time-limited group Groups where there is no defined endpoint represents the dimension of what kind of group structure? - ongoing group A group that permit the addition of new members throughout the group's life are a(n: - open group A group that determines ahead the minimum and maximum size of the group is a(n: - closed group A theory which asserts that social power is what determines who gets valued resources in groups and also influences people's expectations of others' abilities is: - exchange theory Overall group development exhibits patterns of interactions that can be characterized as: - group dynamics The links among members including who talks to whom, how information is transmitted, and whether communication between members is direct or uses a go-between is called: - communication networks Which of the following is BEST described as a collectivity of people with a high degree of formality of structure who work together to meet a goal or goals? - formal organization When a formal organization is viewed as a goal-directed and a purposefully designed machine that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness, it is based on which of the following? - rational perspective Which of the following represents a theory where the central idea centers on formal rationality and highlights rules, regulations, and structures that are essential to goal accomplishment? - the ideal-type bureaucracy Which of the following represents a theory where the central idea is focused on human relationships for organizational efficiency and effectiveness? - human relations theory Which of the following represents a theory where the central idea is focused on the fact that organizational rationality has limits? - Decision-making theory Which of the following represents a theory which focuses on the most effective approach to maximizing internal efficiency and finding the one best way? - Scientific management When participants in a research study know they are being studied, it has been suggested that they become more productive simply because they know their behavior is being studied. This phenomenon is known as the: - Hawthorne effect The assumptions that workers have an inherent dislike of work, prefer to be told what to do, and respond to money as the primary motivator describes which of the following theories? - Theory X Social capital is defined as: - community cohesion The capacity of community residents to achieve social control over the environment and to engage in collective action for the common good is referred to as: - collective efficacy When community members come together to identify community problems, resources, and solutions, it is which of the following? - participatory community planning When was the peak period(s) of intense social work interest in the community in the United States? - the Progressive Era, the Depression years, and the Civil Rights Era A social movement which seeks to try out new ways of cooperating and living together is called a(n : - proactive social movements A social movement which seeks to defend traditional values and social arrangements is called a(n : - reactive social movements Which of the following movements had a main focus on environmental hazards and an agenda to create more just social institutions? - settlement house movement A key idea that social movements must actively participate in the naming of grievances and injustices is associated with which of the following perspectives? - social constructionist Social movements that are staffed by leaders and activists who make a career out of social reform causes are called: - professional social movement organizations When there is competition among different factions of a social movement to control the definition of the problem, goals, and strategies for the movement it is called a: - framing contests Civil rights, disability rights, GLBT rights, animal rights are examples of: - identity movements ____________ involves "conscious strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action." - cultural framing