Human Development Theory Exam 1: Conditioning, Learning, Cognitive Dev., and Evolutionary , Exams of Human Development

Download Human Development Theory Exam 1: Conditioning, Learning, Cognitive Dev., and Evolutionary and more Exams Human Development in PDF only on Docsity! Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers Child Development CORRECT ANSWERS✅ area of study devoted to understanding constancy and chance from conception through adolescence part of developmental science. Developmental science CORRECT ANSWERS✅ changes through the lifespan development domains (topics) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ often divided into physical, cognitive and emotional/social domains Periods of development CORRECT ANSWERS✅ 1. prenatal (conception to birth) 2. Infancy and toddlerhood (birth to 2) 3. Early childhood (2-6) 4. middle childhood (6-11) 5. adolescence (11-18) 6. emerging adulthood (18-25) theory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ idea about development continuous develpment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ process built upon discontinuous CORRECT ANSWERS✅ following distinct stages one course of develpment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ applicable to every child Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers many possible courses of development CORRECT ANSWERS✅ not one specific course for all children, each child develops differently in that theory nature vs. nurture CORRECT ANSWERS✅ are children more influenced by their surroundings rather than their genetics context CORRECT ANSWERS✅ environment children grow up in plasticity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. resilience CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma history CORRECT ANSWERS✅ as early as medevial times through 6th and 15th centuries, childhood was a separate period of life Puritan conception of sin led to harsh philosophy of child rearing Enlightenment brough new emphasis on himan dignity and respect//more humane views of childhood, John Locke- kids are tabula rasa (blank slate) contrast w/ Rousseau children as noble savages Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers operant conditioning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ positive/negative reinforcement/punishment positive reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ introduce a stimulus to increase a behavior, praise for an answer negative reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ remove a stimulus to increase a behavior, take time away from a prisoner to increase good behavior positive punishment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ introduce a stimulus to decrease a behavior, bar of soap in mouth to decrease swearing negative punishment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ remove stimulus to decrease behavior, take away freedom to decrease being late for curfew classical conditioning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ stimulus responce, alfred and being cared of white (bell and dog food) operant conditioning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ reinforcers and punishments to learn behavior social learning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ learning behavior through models in the child's like social learning theory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ modeling, imitaiton, observational learning Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers social/cognitive Vygotsky's socialcultural theory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ children learn thinking and behaving through a particular cultures ideas//social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society vygotsky's zone of proximal development CORRECT ANSWERS✅ with parent and peer guidance the child's intellectual curiosity can be used to expand the child's omprehension, how far a child actually travels within the zone depends on the extent others are willing to guide child's eager ness for new concepts --> child gets to the top of the proximal development level through "SCAFFOLDING" process adults help children reach conclusion cognitive developmental theory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ (Piaget) how children build thinking and imagining (cognitive development) build through actively manipulating and exploring their world equilibrium CORRECT ANSWERS✅ balance between internal structures and information encountered in the world schema CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a mental representation of an external event assimilation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a process of fitting a new experience into existing schemas (representation of an external event) sees an airplane, look its a metal bird Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers accomodation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ process of changing existing schemas to fit external experiences//more sophisticated, sees a plane, its not a bird so it must be an airplane Piaget's Stages CORRECT ANSWERS✅ sensorimotor: birth -2 preoperational period: 2-7 concrete operational: 7-11 formal operational: 11 information processing theory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ mind is like a computer, symbol manipulating system through which information flows//info input and output, information is actively coded, transformed, and organized , theory regards cognitive development as a continuous process ethology and evolutionary psychology CORRECT ANSWERS✅ based on Charles Darwin, behavior is all about what helps you survive (critical and sensitive periods) Evolutionary Developmental Psychology CORRECT ANSWERS✅ adaptive value of behavior to the species // the studying of the evolution of developmental processes in organisms evolutionary developmental psychology CORRECT ANSWERS✅ seeks to understand the adaptive value of human skills, abilities and personal attributes (competencies) Studies cognitive, emotional and social skills Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers exosystem CORRECT ANSWERS✅ social settings that do not contain the child but that affect his/her experiences in immediate settings (example: parent's work place, community organizations) macrosystem CORRECT ANSWERS✅ consists of values, laws, customs, and resources of a particular culture that influence experiences and interactions at inner levels of the environment (views about women and children, day care requirements) chronosystem CORRECT ANSWERS✅ aspect of time; temporal changes in children's environments which produce new conditions that affect development. These changes can be imposed externally or arise within the organism, since children select, modify, and create many of their own settings and experiences (example: moving) dynamic systems perspective CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a view that regards the childs mind, body, physical, and social worlds as dynamic and integrated a change in any part of the system leads the child to recognize his or her behavior so that the system operates in a more complex and effective way a troubled teen taken out of the home, put in rehab, they flourish and then when they go back home they go back to old habits --> didn't change the system hypothesis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a prediction about behavior drawn from a theory Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers reliability CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the consistency, or repeatability of measures of behavior if you are constantly getting the same responses to questions you have reliable information if you are getting different answers to the same question, not reliable info Validity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ makes sure your measuring what you intend to measure the extent to which measures in a research study accurately reflect what the investigator intended to measure basically if you are actually measuring what you're supposed to measure it's valid reliability CORRECT ANSWERS✅ consistency, repeatability of a measure (inter- rater, test and retest) validity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ how accurately the measure captures the characteristics the researcher is trying to study (internal validity: study conditions/ External validity: generalization) Correlation Design CORRECT ANSWERS✅ research design that does not alter participants experiences; examines relationships between two variables Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers correlation coefficient CORRECT ANSWERS✅ how correlation designed experiments are measured, number from 0-1.00 shows the magnitude or strength of the relationship the sign (+ or -) indicated the direction of the relationship. + correlation goes in the SAME direction - correlation goes in the OPPOSITE direction take the absolute value of the number, then the number closest to 1 represents the strongest correlation Which one represents the strongest correlation? CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A) -0.08 B) + 0.72 C) - 0.84 D) + 0.21 Answer: C, because the absolute value is the closest number to 1 Correlation examples CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Example 1: A study on sleep: as sleep goes down, health goes down. This is a POSITIVE correlation because both trends go in the same direction Example 2: As shyness increases, the amount of friends a child has decreases. This is NEGATIVE correlation because the trends go in opposite directions Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers conducting experiments in natural settings in order to understand causal relationships among variables natural experiments (or quasi-) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ investigator observes natural settings by selecting group with similar characteristics, don't change anything laboratory experiment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ experiment conducted in the laboratory which permits the maximum possible control over treatment conditions independent and dependent variable self-reports CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an interview or questionnaire in which a person reports his or her attitudes, feelings, and behaviors often has people rate themselves on a scale clinical interview CORRECT ANSWERS✅ method in which the researcher uses flexible, open-ended questions to probe for the participant's point of view structured interview CORRECT ANSWERS✅ method in which the researcher asks each participant the same questions in the same way example experiment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Studying: shyness and peer acceptance * correlational designed experiment Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers * you could use a self report to ask individuals to rate themselves on how shy they are and how accepted they feel * the issue is that everyone has a different definition of shyness, a different measure is being used by everyone systematic observation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting, divided into two categories: naturalistic observation and structured observations cons of systematic observation: takes a lot of time, observer influence, and observer bias naturalistic observations CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a method in which the researcher goes into the natural environment to observe a behavior of interest (playground, the home) issue is that you cannot elicit or bring out a particular behavior, you have to wait to see what happens structured observations CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a method in which the researcher sets up a situation that evokes the behavior of interest and observes it in a laboratory you can control these types of observations however a child might behave differently in a structured setting compared to their home or natural environment Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers specimen record CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an observational procedure in which the researcher records a description of the participants entire stream of behavior for a specified time period (used to conduct systematic observations) event sampling CORRECT ANSWERS✅ observational procedure in which the researcher records whether or not certain behaviors occur during a sample of short time intervals (used to conduct systematic observations) time sampling CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an observational procedure in which the researcher records whethere or not vertain behaviors occur during a sample of short time intervals (Used to conduct systematic observations) observer influence CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the tendency of participants in a study to behave in unnatural ways in the presence of an observer (limitation in systematic observation) observer bias CORRECT ANSWERS✅ expectations of an observer which may distort an authentic observation (limitation in systematic observation) influences on childhood research CORRECT ANSWERS✅ *Child: may over estimate or under estimare their abilities, influenced by self-perceptions *Parents: may be overly positive/negative, parent does not have direct experience with child at school, outside of the home *teachers: may not have enough real experience with the child (only sees them in a specific light/environment) may also be influenced by personal bias Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers -Cohort effects - The effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of finding: Children born in one period of time are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions. sequential CORRECT ANSWERS✅ (research design) same groups of different aged people studied repeatedly as they change ages microgenic CORRECT ANSWERS✅ (research design) same participant studied repeatedly over a short period as they master a task Longitudinal-sequential design - CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A research design with both longitudinal and cross-sectional components in which groups of participants born in different years are followed over time (improving developmental designs, combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches) Microgenetic design CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A research design in which change is tracked from the time it begins until it stabilizes, as participants master an everyday or novel task (improving developmental designs, combines longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches) issues to consider with ethics and children CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Issues to consider: Protection from harm Risks-versus-benefits ratio Informed consent Privacy Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers Debriefing Beneficial treatments good critical thinking CORRECT ANSWERS✅ -ask questions -examine the evidence -avoid emotional reasoning -consider alternate explanations -a good critical thinker questions sample size and who did the study -tolerate uncertainty, ask more questions! -remember that statistics can presented in a way to favor or argue against the topic (1 in 200 is the same as 99.5%) down's syndrome CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A congenital disorder caused by having an extra Chromosome 21. -trisomy 21 risk factors for down's syndrome CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Advancing maternal age. A woman's chances of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome increase with age because older eggs have a greater risk of improper chromosome division. By age 35, a woman's risk of conceiving a child with Down syndrome is about 1 in 350. By age 40, the risk is about 1 in 100, and by age 45, the risk is about 1 in 30. However, most children with Down syndrome are born to women under age 35 because younger women have far more babies. Human Development Exam 1 Questions and answers Having had one child with Down syndrome. Typically, a woman who has one child with Down syndrome has about a 1 in 100 chance of having another child with Down syndrome. Being carriers of the genetic translocation for Down syndrome. Both men and women can pass the genetic translocation for Down syndrome on to their children. amniocentesis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ A technique of prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus, is analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus. chorionic villus sampling CORRECT ANSWERS✅ sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examination to detect fetal abnormalities a prenatal diagnostic procedure involving removing a sample of placental tissue and testing it.