Changing Family Issues: Development & Expenditures on Children - Prof. E. Bourgeois, Exams of Biology

Download Changing Family Issues: Development & Expenditures on Children - Prof. E. Bourgeois and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 1960a. What year did the USDA begin tracking expenditures on children?1. More than one marriage at a time.a. What is the definition of a serial mongamy?2. Where 3. Autonomy vs. shame and doubta. At what stage of emotional development do children develop independence?4. Test 3 Friday, October 15, 2010 9:40 AM Test 3 Page 1 Two or more person living together and related by blood, marriage, or adoption is a family.○ US Bureau of Census- 1982• Group of two or more persons who share resources, share responsibilities for decisions, share values and goals, and have commitment to one another over time. ○ AAFCS- 1978• Family• 1930's• Attempts to show change in the family system over time.• Begins with marriage○ Ends with death of both spouses○ Most systematic Most widespread Long term use of the family cycle Easy to understand It provides us with the:○ Duvall attempted to provide a link between life cycle stages with the developmental task concept. ○ Evelyn Duvall's Family Life Cycle• Definite progress from one stage to another.1. Stages overlap and flow together.2. People influence each other.3. Unique features that are milestones or responsibilities of the approximate ages. Stages have developmental tasks4. Features of the Life Cycle:• Choosing a vocation1. Getting an education2. Serving the country3. Becoming marriageable4. Learning to appraise and express love5. Choosing a marriage partner6. Getting engaged7. Being married8. Developmental Tasks of Young Adults• Maintaining a pleasant and comfortable home.1. Assuring security for later years.2. Carrying household responsibilities3. Drawing closer together as a couple4. Maintaining contact with grown children's families5. Keeping in touch with brothers' and sisters' families and with aging parents.6. Participating in community life beyond the family.7. Reaffirming the values of life that have real meaning.8. Developmental Tasks in the Middle Years• Family Life Cycle• # of stages isn't important1. Traditional stages2. Affected by historical context or macro environment3. Later years lumped together.4. Fails to recognize variations.5. Criticism of Life Cycle• Family Friday, October 15, 2010 9:40 AM Test 3 Page 2 Reproduction of new members○ Sexual regulation○ Economic cooperation○ Education○ Historical/Traditional Family functions of a Nuclear Family.• Family functions have changed.○ Functions performed by the family have been taken over by state and other institutions such as factories, schools, and churches. ○ William Ogburn, 1934• Procreation and socialization of children1. Emotional support2. Exogamy- where they require you to marry someone outside of your group Endogamy- where they want you to marry someone within your group (religious group, nationality, etc.)  Regulate sexual activity3. Assignment of status and social roles4. Current Family Functions• We have lost some functions and gained new functions.• Examples- families communicated by Facebook and email and text rather than talking on the phone or face to face (communication technology in changing family issues and challenges). ○ Family functions are adjusting to social change• Family Functions• People are preoccupied with pursuit of personal happiness.○ US increasing individualistic• No longer live in close proximity○ Mobility of families• Are Families Growing Apart?• We feel comfortable with○ Who reinforces our own self-image○ Ideal mate in mind○ Like SES, religion, race, education, and age.○ Propinquity (you choose someone who lives close to you)○ Parental influence○ Research shows we choose people:• A group of professional people posed this question to a group of 4 to 8 year olds.○ What does Love mean?• Mate Selection• Longer is better○ Length of Acquaintance1. Success increases with age○ Age at Marriage2. Lower socioeconomic group○ Country/small cities (there aren't as many distractions)○ Social Class and Residence3. Premarital Pregnancy (negative)4. They see it as a way of life○ 50% chance Previous Divorce and Divorced Parents5. Psychological Factors Predictors of Marital Success (for over 40 years)• Family Functions Monday, October 18, 2010 10:20 AM Test 3 Page 5 50% chance○ Desirable for parents to approve○ Parental Conflict or Approval6. Same faith better○ Religion7. Communication○ Mental Health8. jcatte1@lsu.edu Test 3 Page 6 Annulment1. Death of Spouse2. State law- Divorce3. Termination of Marriage• What makes families strong, stay together?• Appreciation for one another1. Spending time together2. Commitment3. Good Communication Patterns4. High degree of religious orientation5. Ability to deal with a crisis in a positive manner6. Research began in 1970's• Family Strengths• Marital Readiness1. Financial Readiness2. Emotional Readiness3. Readiness for a Child• Pressure to Assume the Role1. Not always a voluntary decision2. Irrevocable3. Unique in preparation4. Features of Parental Roles• Affection Positive reinforcement Firm, unyielding Give reasons Give attention Energetic/friendly children○ Authoritative Parents• Children have few rights Children should adhere to authority Choices not given Parents use power and firm control No explanation, "just do it, because I said so." Physical punishment Fear techniques Conflicted/irritable children○ Authoritarian Parents• Parents have no control over children Parents provide little guidance Kids do what they want Obvious lax discipline Behavior becomes unbearable, then parent overacts. Impulsive/aggressive children○ Permissive Parents• Parenting Styles• Children must learn discipline• Discipline• Marriage and Children Monday, October 25, 2010 9:43 AM Test 3 Page 7 Region of residence○ $8,570-$9,450 expenditures on children○ Low income- $56,670 or less• $11,700-$13,530 expenditures on children○ Middle Income- $56,670-$98,120• $19,410-$23,180 expenditures on children○ High Income $98,120 or more• When you make more money, you spend more.• 2009 Household Income Level husband/wife family• Less than $56,670○ Average $25,130 (85%)○ Single Parent household• $56,670 or less○ Average $36,250 (33%)○ Husband-wife household• The more you make ($) the more you spend at age levels.• Lower Income Averages• Housing (31%)• Food (16%)• Transportation (13%)• Clothing (6%)• Health Care (8%)• Child care & education (17%)• Miscellaneous (9%)• Seven Categories of Spending• Households with 1 child spent an average 25% more on the single child• Households with 3+ children spent an average of 22% less on each child.• Adjustments for Household Size• College Board (2008) estimates that in 2008-2009, annual average tuition and fees were $6,585 at a 4 year public college and $25,143 at a 4 year private college. • The largest expense is college education (after age 17)• Urban Northeast- Urban West- Urban Midwest- Urban South- Rural less than 2500 persons- Most expensive area in which to live in order of cost. In each region of the country expenses on a child increased with household income level and with age of child. ○ Region of the Residence• In 1960, mothers did not work, so child care was not an expense○ In 1995, childcare was the largest expenditure for middle income families with a preschooler.○ Decrease in clothing is surprise given the popularity of designer clothing items.○ Factor causing increase• Women employed outside the home is the norm.• 1990 (62%)○ 1970 (39%)○ American children under age 18 with mothers in the labor force• 51% high school education○ 70% college education○ New mother statistics• The need for childcare has become a daily fact of life for many parents.• Region of the Country• Child Care Settings• Test 3 Page 10 The parents work yet take care of their own children- Split shift parenting Mother works at home Children care for themselves How parents work/care for their children- No Supplemental Care1. Care provided by family member- 10 years ago 60% of the relatives cared for children to help the mother, not because they wanted to be a care giver!  2 out of 5 were paid. Free or low cost- Likely to provide more loving care.- Relative Care2. Non relative cares for children in their home- 10 years ago only 3% of preschoolers were in-home. Costly (minimum wages)- In home care3. Neighborhood day care, meet state standards Child care provided in private residence- Family day care4. Source NAEYC- National Association for the Education of the Young Child Care provided in nonresidential facilities, usually for 13 or more children- Child-care center5. Child Care Settings• Woman's hospital, LOL, BR General, LSU- On-site or near-site centers• 2-3 business groups share cost of center- Consortium centers• Referral service• Employee discounts• Company subsidizes a portion of cost- Voucher system• Cafeteria plan (IRS)• Employer Sponsored child care options• Test 3 Page 11 Consumerism- the belief that consumers should make rational, informed choices, and to take responsibility for those choices. • Consumer- a person who acquires goods and services for ultimate consumption or use by a person, family, or household. • Household- all persons related and unrelated living together.• Definitions:• Industrial revolution Food adulteration Medicine/drugs Major legislation passed in response Created by Congress▪ To prevent unfair and deceptive trade practices▪ Became active in third period of consumer protection movement.▪ Federal Trade Commission (FTC) 1914- Created by Congress▪ To protect the nation's health in the areas of food and drugs▪ Oversees all new drug testing and approvals▪ Inspects food plants, regulates food additives, food labeling ▪ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 1906- Consumer Protection Agencies Late 1800's to early 1900's1. Great depression Food and drug problems 1930's2. Tragedy of thalidomide Automobile Consumer Bill of Rights 1962 Late 1950's to early 1960's3. Three major periods of consumer protection activity:• Consumer Protection Movement• President John Kennedy in 1962 introduced the four basic consumer rights.• Anytime we exercise a right, there are responsibilities to be undertaken and ethical considerations. • Competitive markets make available a variety of products.- Responsibility to avoid buying by habit, compare products, refuse to buy when products are unsatisfactory. - Right to Choose1. Product not hazardous to health or life under reasonable use.- Responsibility to read labels, heed warning labels, examine merchandise before buying.- Right to Safety2. Provide information to assist in making choices while also being protected against fraudulent information. - Responsibility to use information, read advertisements, ask questions.- Right to Information3. Fair consideration in remedies to consumer problems.- Responsibility to seek remedies to problems, speak up about issues.- Right to be heard4. Consumer Bill of Rights• Consumers Monday, November 08, 2010 2:17 AM Test 3 Page 12