Human Evolution - Evolutionary Medicine | Exam 4 | BIO 303, Study notes of Theory of Evolution

Download Human Evolution - Evolutionary Medicine | Exam 4 | BIO 303 and more Study notes Theory of Evolution in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 4 prep sheet Exam 4 will cover chapters 17 (human evolution) and 18 (evolutionary medicine) and any readings and handouts given out in class and all lecture material. The recitations on hominid bones and skulls, skin color activity, readings and simulation will be included. Evolutionary medicine (Chapter 18) What are the four primary questions asked by researchers in evolutionary medicine? What are humans so freaking lazy (explained from an evolutionary point of view)? What are autoimmune diseases? What is germ theory? What is the anatomy of the Influenza A virus that makes it problematic? What are antigenic sites and where are they found? How can host manipulation function as a corridor? What is rabies and how does it spread? What is the relationship between flu, humans, pigs, and birds especially ducks? What is the relationship between war and epidemics? What is hemaglutinin and what neuraminidase? What does H1N1 mean? What are the competing hypotheses for how the Spanish flu got started? Why are corridors and barriers important to your health? What species are the main carriers of the flu virus? What are antibiotics and how do they influence the evolution of bacterial resistance? What are the best defenses against antibiotic resistance? Define virulence. What are the hypotheses that consider the evolution of virulence? Carefully read the section on reconstructing the history of cancer. What did our hunter-gatherer ancestors eat and how does this differ from today’s US diet? What is myopia? What are the possible causes of breast cancer? How might menstrual cycles influence breast cancer? What does it mean to treat a symptom but not an adaptation (within reason)? What the possible adaptation of fever and other non-human animals? What is the relationship between fever and chickenpox and fever and the common cold? What is the relationship between fever and sepsis? What is the relationship between parenthood (step-parents vs biological parents), children’s health and child abuse? What are the biological explanations for observed differences? What is combination drug therapy? Human evolution (Chapter 17) What is Oldowan tool making? How many times did hominins likely leave Africa? What is a parallel human? What is the relationship between extant apes and humans? Do humans belong to the same clade as apes? Do humans to the same clade as African apes or Asian apes? When did humans and chimps likely diverge? When did humans, chimps, and bonobos possibly diverge from the gorilla branch? What is the explanation for why humans have 46 chromosomes while, the other apes have 48? What are the greatest discoveries paleontologists have made concerning hominid ancestors? Who is the first family of human paleontology? What is the relationship between brain size and tooth size? What is the African replacement model vs the multiregional model? Which has the evidence? What are some of the main anatomical differences between chimps and humans? What are the two big anatomical features that have given humans a huge advantage in dealing with their environment? What is the relationship between metacarpal I and tool making? Did Neanderthals have speech? What is the evidence? Who was the Piltdown man? Who was Nebraska man? Who did Louis Leakey help get started in primate research? Who is thought to be the transitional form from Australopithecus and Homo? When in the past do we think multiple species of hominins coexist on earth and in Africa? Who where some of the coexisting species? Why is the Denisova fossil significant? Why is the Miocene of importance to human evolution? What is the evidence that humans evolved in Africa then left Africa? What is some of the anatomical evidence for arboriality? Section 2: Short answer, fill in the blank, fill in the box. 1) Examine the phylogenetic tree for great apes below. Write the appropriate letter representing a species in the box to correctly show its place in the great ape phylogeny. Old world monkeys A) Gibbon B) Gorilla C) Bonobo D) Human E) Orangutan F) Chimpanzee G) Proboscis monkey 2) The first confirmed primate. A) Purgatorius B) Plesiadapis C) Dryopithicus 3) Possible Miocene ancestor to humans. D) Proconsul E) Oreopithicus 4) First primate-like creature Examine the specimens pictured below to answer the following questions. 5) Which exhibit extremely pronounced prognathism (can be more than one answer)? 6) Which exhibit the most reduced prognathism (could be more than one answer)? 7) Which had extremely large, flat teeth (could be more than one answer)? 8) Which belong to the genus Paranthropus (could be more than one answer)? 9) Which is of the genus Australopithecus (only one correct answer)? 10) Which one existed most recently in the past (only one correct answer)? BA C D E F G 11) ______________________theory of disease was arguably the most important breakthrough in development of modern medicine. 12) ________________________ theropy is considered one of the most effective ways preventing bacteria from evolving resistance to anti-biotics. 13) That we have bad backs, blind spots in our retina, and a craving for fat despite knowing too much is bad for us is all the fault of our _____________________________. 14) One of the main take-home messages from the evolutionary medicine lectures, is that whenever possible, you should create ________________________ as often as you can. By doing this you increase the chance of that pathogens will evolve to be _____________________ virulent. 15) Drastically new stains of flu come out of southeast Asia. What are the three groups of species or taxa that cause the problem by living together? _________________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________________________ 16) Of these three taxa, which is considered the mixing bowl for very new strains of flu? 17) Contrary to what keeps most eukaryotic species isolated, _____________________________ actually causes the speciation of prokaryotes. 18) Provide the first names of all five members of the Leakey Family who are human paleontologists. 19) What was the common name of the creature known as Hepseropithecus?