Human Height - Fundamentals of Biology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Biology

Download Human Height - Fundamentals of Biology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Figure 4.1B 10 m 1 m 100 mm (10 cm) 10 mm (1 cm) 1 mm Human height Length of some nerve and muscle cells Chicken egg Frog egg Human egg Paramecium 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm Most plant and animal cells 1 nm 0.1 nm Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Smallest bacteria Viruses Ribosome Proteins Lipids Small molecules Atoms U na id ed e ye Li gh t m ic ro sc op e El ec tr on m ic ro sc op e Docsity.com Figure 4.3 Fimbriae Ribosomes Nucleoid Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella A TEM of the bacterium Bacillus coagulans Bacterial chromosome A typical rod-shaped bacterium Docsity.com Figure 4.2B Cell membranes are made of a lipid bilayer barrier and membrane proteins that provide transport, binding and enzymatic functions. Docsity.com Table 4.22 TABLE 4.22 | EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS 1. Genetic Control Nucleus DNA replication, RNA synthesis; assembly of ribosomal subunits (in nucleoli) Ribosomes Polypeptide (protein) synthesis 2. Manufacturing, Distribution, and Breakdown Rough ER Synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles Smooth ER Lipid synthesis; detoxification in liver cells; calcium ion storage Golgi apparatus Modification and sorting of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles Lysosomes (in animal cells Digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell's damaged and some protists) organelles and macromolecules for recycling Vacuoles Digestion (food vacuole); storage of chemicals and cell enlargement (central vacuole); water balance (contractile vacuole) Peroxisomes (not part Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of toxic hydrogen of endomembrane system) peroxide by-product 3. Energy Processing Mitochondria Conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATP Chloroplasts (in plants Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars and some protists) 4. Structural Support, Movement, and Communication Between Cells Cytoskeleton (microfilaments, Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; intermediate filaments, movement of organelles within cells; cell movement (crawling, and microtubules) muscle contraction, bending of cilia and flagella) Extracellular matrix (in animals) Support; regulation of cellular activities Cell junctions Communication between cells; binding of cells in tissues Cell walls (in plants, fungi, Support and protection; binding of cells in tissues and some protists) ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc Docsity.com Figure 4.5 Two membranes of nuclear envelope Nucleus Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Eukaryotic cells have internal membrane bound compartments called organelles Docsity.com Figure 4.9 Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus 1 2 3 4 4 Docsity.com Figure 4.12 Smooth ER Nucleus Transport vesicle from ER to Golgi Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Plasma membrane Nuclear membrane Rough ER Transport vesicle from Golgi to plasma membrane Docsity.com Figure 4.8B Protein synthesis and distribution Transport vesicle buds off 0 Secretory protein , inside trans- Ribosome y. port vesicle mRNA Sugar chain RoughER (©2012 Poarscn Eaueatioe, Ine Docsity.com Figure 4.14 Inner and outer membranes Granum Stroma Chloroplast Thylakoid Docsity.com Figure 4.11A,B Central vacuole Chloroplast—~ Nucleus 92072 Pearce Education, Inc. \o-2017 Pearson Education, ine Plants Protists 3 Docsity.com Figure 4.16 Actin subunit Nucleus Nucleus Microfilament Intermediate filament Fibrous subunits 7 nm 10 nm Tubulin subunits Microtubule 25 nm Protein network fibers called cytoskeleton support cell structure and motility Docsity.com Figure 4.20 Tight junctions prevent fluid from moving between cells Tight junction Anchoring junction Gap junction Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Extracellular matrix Docsity.com Figure 4.21 Vacuole Plant cell walls Plasmodesmata Cytoplasm Primary cell wall Secondary cell wall Plasma membrane Docsity.com