Understanding Human Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval, Slides of Psychology

Download Understanding Human Memory: Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 7 Human Memory docsity.com  How does information get into memory?  How is information maintained in memory?  How is information pulled back out of memory? docsity.com  The role of attention. It involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.  Focusing awareness  Selective attention  Divided attention docsity.com  Craik and Lockhart: incoming information is processed at different levels  Levels of processing:  Structural = shallow  Phonemic = intermediate  Semantic = deep  Deeper processing = longer lasting memory codes docsity.com Level of Type of processing encoding Example of questions used to elicit appropriate encoding Shallow Structural encoding: Is the word written in capital letters? processing emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus Intermediate Phonemic encoding: Does the word rhyme with weight? processing emphasizes what a word sounds like Depth of processing Deep Semantic encoding: Would the word fit in the sentence: processing emphasizes the “He meta on the meaning of verbal street”? input © 2005 Wadsworth - Thomson Figure 7.3 Levels-of-processing theory. Accordi to Craik and Lockhart (1972), structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding—which can be elicited by questions such as those shown on the right—involve progr ively deeper levels of processing, which should result in more durable memories. docsity.com  Rehearsal: the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information.  Durability of Storage:  Capacity of Storage: Limited capacity – magical number 7 plus or minus 2  In 1956,Professor George A Miller published one of the most famous papers in the history of Psychology, “magical number 7 plus or minus 2” i.e Miller noticed that people could recall only about seven items on tasks that require them to remember unfamiliar material. docsity.com  STM as Working Memory: Baddeley (2001) – three components of working memory 1-Phonological Rehearsal loop  represented all of STM in original model exp: recitation. 2-Visuospatial sketchpad  that permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images.exp: mentally rearrange the furniture 3- Executive control system: It handles the limited amount of information that people can juggle at one time as they engage in reasoning and decision making. docsity.com  Long-term Memory :is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy period of time.  Flashbulb Memories: which are unusually vivid and detailed recollection of momentous events.  STM & LTM are separate?  STM was thought to depend on phonemic encoding (based on sound)  LTM _________semantic encoding(based on meaning) docsity.com  Schemas  Is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events. College examples Semantic Networks A semantic network consists of nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts. docsity.com  Connectionist Networks and PDP Models  Connectonist,or parallel distributed processing (PDP) medels assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks.  In summary,memory storage is a complex matter involving several memory stores and a variety of organizational devices. docsity.com  The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon – a failure in retrieval The temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by a feeling that is out of reach.  Retrieval cues  Recalling an event  Context cues  Reconstructing memories  Misinformation effect:  Occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information.videotape of an automobile accident.  Source monitoring Error:  Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. docsity.com  Recognition :requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options.  Relearning: requires a participant to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by havind learned it before. docsity.com  Ineffective Encoding: lack of attention  Decay theory: proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.  Interference theory: proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material.  Proactive: occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information.  Retroactive: occurs when previously learned information interferes with the previously learned information. docsity.com Retroactive interference New learning interferes with old Study Study Economics economics oe ic psychology test Proactive interference Old learning interferes with new Study psychology Study Economics a economics test © 2005 Wedsworth - Thomson Figure 7,12 Retroactive and proactive interferen Retroactive interference occurs when learning produces a “backward” effect, reducing recall of previously learned material. Proactive interference occurs when learning produces a “forward” effect, reducing recall of subsequently learned material. For example, if you e to prepare for an economics test and then study psychology, the interference from the psychology study would be retroactive interference. However, if you studied psychology first and then economics, the interference from the psychology study would be proactive interference docsity.com