China's One-Child Policy & Global Trends: Population Growth & Sustainability, Slides of Ecology and Environment

Download China's One-Child Policy & Global Trends: Population Growth & Sustainability and more Slides Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity! Human Population Docsity.com Case study: China’s one-child policy 1980 Docsity.com Human population growth: 7 billion A few milestones that lead to our present population: • 10,000 bc agriculture • 1500 new crops from Americas reach Europe • 1798 vaccinations • 1850 sewers were separated from drinking water, which was filtered and chlorinated • 1884 contraception • 1930 better nutrition, sanitation, health care • 1960 Green Revolution Docsity.com Total World Population 2011 7 BILLION 1800 1 BILLION 1A.D 300 MILLION 20,000 B.C. 3 MILLION 200,000 B.C. 10,000 Average Life Expectancy 2011 1800 67 YEARS. 35 YEARS 1A.D 20,000 B.C. (> B.C. 28 YEARS 20 YEARS 15 YEARS Docsity.com Result of Large Populations pollution starvation Reduction in biodiversity Greater need for resources Docsity.com Rates of growth vary from region to region • At today’s 1.2% global growth rate, the population will double in 58 years Docsity.com Global Variation in Fertility Rate 1.00-1.99 2.00-2.99 3.00-3.99 . 4.00-4.99 3.00-5.99 6.00+ ® Docsity.com Is population growth really a problem? • Population growth results from technology, medical care, sanitation, and food. – Death rates drop, but not birth rates. • Some people say growth is no problem. – New resources will replace depleted ones. – But some resources (i.e., biodiversity) are irreplaceable. • Quality of life will suffer with unchecked growth. – Less food, space, wealth per person Docsity.com Affluence ~ Consumption (?) • A gold wedding ring ~ 3 tons of discharge at a mine in South Africa or the U.S. (47% of gold is recycled). • A gold watch ~ 10 to 20 tons. • Lunch with two quarter pounders - If animal was from Brazil, then 54 ft2 (~5 m2) of rain forest is gone, 59 lb of methane produced, ~200 gallons of water, 3.74 lb of grain - Hamburger bun required wheat, water, nitrogen fertilizer. • To build your car, it took 605,664 gallons of water for its steel parts and tires. Battery ~ 17.6 lbs of lead produces ~ 682 lbs of pollution at a mine in Australia or the U.S. (73% is recycled), Car has 22 lbs of copper produces ~2178 lbs of discharge somewhere in Chile or the U.S. (60% is recycled). Docsity.com Population and the Environment • Population growth can lead to environmental degradation. Overpopulation in Africa’s Sahel region has led to overgrazing of semi-arid lands. Docsity.com Affluence and the environment • Poverty can lead to environmental degradation… BUT • wealth and resource consumption can produce even more severe and far- reaching environmental impacts. Docsity.com Demography studies human populations • Demography: the application of population ecology to the study of human populations – Population size – Density and distribution – Age structure, sex ratio – Birth, death, immigration, and i ti t Docsity.com Population size and density Predictions of population size depend on different assumptions about fertility rates. Docsity.com Population density and distribution Wy Persons/km? 0 | 25-249 1-4 @} 250-999 5-24 Ml 1,000+ Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Age structure: Age pyramids Rapid growth Slow growth Zero growth/Decrease Kenya United States Italy Age Year of birth 80+ Before 1915 75-79 1915-1919 78-74 1920-1924 65-69 1925-1929 60-64 1930-1934 55-59 1935-1939 50-54 1940-1944 45-49 1945-1949 40-44 1950-1954 35-39 1955-1959 30-34 1960-1964 25-29 1965-1969 20-24 1970-1974 15-19 1975-1979 10-14 1980-1984 5-9 1985-1989 0-4 1990-1994 8 6 42 02 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 02 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 02 4 6 8 Percent of population Percent of population Percent of population 3 Docsity.com Age structure: “Graying populations” • Demographers project that China’s population will become older over the next two decades. Figure 7.11a,b Docsity.com Age structure: “Graying populations” • China’s aging population will mean fewer working-age citizens to finance social services for retirees. Figure 7.11c Docsity.com Sex ratios • 100 females born to 106 males • China: 100 females born to 117 males Docsity.com Population growth depends on various factors –Birth ⇑ –Death ⇓ –Immigration ⇑ –Emigration ⇓ • Technological advances led to dramatic decline in human death rates. – Widening the gap between birth rates and death rates resulting in population expansion Docsity.com Migration can have environmental effects • Immigration and emigration play large roles today. Refugees from the 1994 Rwandan genocide endured great hardship, and deforested large areas near refugee camps. Docsity.com Factors affecting total fertility rate • Urbanization decreases TFR. – Access to medical care – Children attend school and impose economic costs • With social security, elderly parents need fewer children to support them. • Greater education allows women to enter the labor force, with less emphasis on child rearing. Docsity.com Worlawide, total fertility varies widely TABLE 8.2 Total Fertility Rates for Major Continental Regions Region Total fertility rate (TFR) Africa 5.0 Latin America and the Caribbean 20) Asia 2.4 Oceania 21 North America 2.0 Europe L.5 Data from Population Reference Bureau. 2007. 2007 World population data sheet. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Docsity.com The demographic transition • Refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. Docsity.com Is the demographic transition universal? • It has occurred in Europe, U.S., Canada, Japan, and other nations over the past 200-300 years. • But it may or may not apply to all developing nations. • Failure in transition could occur in cultures… – That place greater value on childbirth or – Grant women fewer freedoms For people to attain the mat rial standard of living of North Americans, we would need the natural resources of four and a half more Earths. Docsity.com Empowering women reduces growth rates • More educated women have fewer children. Docsity.com Family planning and TFR • Family planning, health care, and reproductive education can lower TFRs. A counselor advises African women on health care and reproductive rights. Docsity.com Wealth also produces environmental impacts • The population problem does not exist only within poor countries. • Affluent societies have enormous resource consumption and waste production. – People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own. – Individuals’ ecological footprints are huge. One American has as much environmental impact as 6 Chinese or 12 Indians or Ethiopians. Docsity.com The Earth can’t support our consuming lifestyle Humanity’s global ecological footprint surpassed Earth’s capacity to support us in 1987. Docsity.com The wealth gap and population growth cause conflict (a) A family living in the United States Conyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing 2s Pearscn Benjamin Cummings (b) A family living in Egypt Rogsity.com Copyright © 2008 Pearson Educetion, Inc., publishing 2s Pearson Benjamin Cummings Conclusion • The human population is larger than at any time in the past. • Populations are still rising, even with decreasing growth rates. • Most developed nations have passed through the demographic transition. • Expanding rights for women slows population growth. • Will the population stop rising through the demographic transition, restrictive governmental intervention, or disease and social conflict caused by overcrowding and competition? • Sustainability requires a stabilized population in time to avoid destroying natural systems. Docsity.com QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) More women are having more babies. b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food. c) Fewer women are using contraceptives. d) More people are dying worldwide. e) Nothing. The population has dropped in recent years. Docsity.com QUESTION: Review According to the I = P x A x T formula, what would happen if the U.S., with its consumptive lifestyle, increased its population to 1 billion people? a) a) The population would automatically drop. b) b) The population would automatically increase. c) c) The impact on the environment would increase. Docsity.com QUESTION: Review What will keep a population size stable? a) When TFR > replacement fertility b) When TFR < replacement fertility c) When TFR = replacement fertility d) When more people are born e) When fertility rates increase Docsity.com QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population. b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population. c) Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem. d) Falling growth rates does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing. e) Falling growth rates mean that the human population is in danger of extinction. Docsity.com QUESTION: Review Which of the following will NOT result in lower population growth rates? a) Empowering women b) Delayed marriage for women c) Educating women d) Providing access to contraceptives e) All of these result in lower population growth rates. Docsity.com QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Would you rather live in a country with a larger population or smaller population? a) Small population, so there will be more resources for me b) Small population, so there will be more resources for others, including wildlife c) Large population, so I can find a date d) Large population, because people are our biggest resource Docsity.com QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data a) High birth and death rates cause population increases b) High birth and death rates, but population is stable c) High birth rates with low death rates cause population to increase d) Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease e) Population stabilized due to government incentives What happens during the “transitional” stage of the demographic transition? Docsity.com QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this ge pyr mid, Madagascar’s future population will be: a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger d) Smaller e) Much smaller Docsity.com