Human Population: Resource Consumption and Population Dynamics - Prof. Lance T. Yonkos, Study notes of Environmental Science

Download Human Population: Resource Consumption and Population Dynamics - Prof. Lance T. Yonkos and more Study notes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity! Human Populations Chapter 2 Population: the 800 lb Gorilla Population Density 0-9 10-24 25-49 30-74 75-99 100-149 150-299 300-999 1000+ Population Dynamics • Biotic Potential: the unrestricted growth of a population resulting in the maximum possible growth rate 1. Frequency of reproduction 2. Total number of times the organism reproduces 3. Number of offspring from each reproductive cycle 4. Age at which reproduction starts / ends • Environmental Resistance: pressures that limit population – Disease, predation, food limitations, toxic waste accumulation, species competition, war HUMAN POPULATION - Moore 7 Actual Rate of Increase Fig 2-3 Carrying Capacity Population Dynamics • r-Strategy: populations are typically small, short-lived organisms, which produce large numbers of offspring and receive little or no parental care • K-Strategy: typically large organisms with relatively long life spans produce few offspring, but devote substantial energies to protecting and nurturing to enhance their individual survival until they can reproduce Number of survivors r-Strategy ae m | insects, fungi fish, molluscs plants Reproductive age k-Strategy | survivorship curve elephants, deer, large cats, swans, humans Characteristics of Human Populations – Birth Rate: people added to a population through reproduction (expressed as live births per 1,000 population) – Death Rate: number of deaths in a population (also expressed per 1,000 population) – Rate of Natural Increase is determined by subtracting death rate from birth rate e.g., 16/1000 – 8/1000 = 8/1000 = 0.8% – Limitations??? 700 700 —( 700 = Doubling time _ 600 — Ca = Rate of Natural Increas¢| 2 $§ 500 — 7 = 9 400 — £ = 300 — = £ 200 — a 100 4 0 Oy N. S. W. United Oceania Asia South Africa Europe Europe Europe States America Fig. 2-13 Countries and Regions  80. 76.2 51 76.54 | 83.3 [84.4 | 83.3 | 85 Annual Increase in World Population (Millions) 5 | 2.0% 2.06% “6 ofa 17% 1.75% 17% 4 on 0 . ES Se oe a0 Global growth rate 1.45% 4 4 20 World population 10 ~ billion 4 billion 5 billion 6 billion o = : Year ee eee | | I 1 | 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Total Fertility Rate • Total Fertility Rate (TFR): number of children a woman in a given population is likely to bear during her reproductive lifetime—providing that birth rates remain constant for at least one generation • Infant Mortality Rate (%): (infant deaths/live births) x 100 • Replacement Level: TFR that corresponds to a population replacing itself – Generally accepted as ~ 2.1 – In some LDCs can be as high as 2.7 Characteristics of Populations Population Growth Charts History of Human Population (1) Agriculture & Animal Domestication 9000 BC (2) Plague “The Black Death” Illustration of “Black Death” from Toggenburg Bible, 1411 Demographic Transition Model Europe Japan U.S. LDCs • Nutrition • Sanitation • Public Health Stable & Older • Urbanization Population Growth Industrial Revolution 7 Billion 10 Billion 1.3 8.5 0.9 1.8 * How We Die (in the U.S.) 100 40 20 0 60 80 1900 1920 1940 19801960 11 major infectious diseases 3 major chronic conditions: circulatory diseases respiratory diseases cancer Accident s All other conditions From Beaglehole et al., 1993 % diabetes 4 / 47 years 77 years Cities and Density City Population Density* (people/km2)Proper Metro* Karachi, Pakistan Mumbai, India Mexico City, Mexico New York City 8,600,000 13,700,000 8,600,000 8,300,000 11,800,000 19,450,000 20,400,000 19,750,000 10,727 8,170 2,784 1,104 • Internal migration from rural agrarian villages to urban industrial cities (quest for jobs) • Often out pace sanitation, water / food supplies, housing, health care * Density of inner cities can be 2x to 5x greater Population Control • Methods –Coercion / Persuasion –Empowerment