Urbanization and Urban Studies: Definitions and Concepts, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 agribusiness DEFINITION 1 set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product TERM 2 Transnational corporation DEFINITION 2 In core economies, this is the dominant player in agribusiness because it operates at numerous strategically important stages of the food production process TERM 3 Political geography DEFINITION 3 Concerns global, international relationships, as well as other geographic and political divisions that stretch from the globe to the neighborhood and the individual body; two key components are people-land tradition and environmental determinism;developed by AristotleWikipedia: field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. TERM 4 environmental determinism DEFINITION 4 the environment limits humans' activities TERM 5 state DEFINITION 5 an independent political unit with recognized boundaries, although some of these boundaries may be in dispute TERM 6 nation DEFINITION 6 group of people sharing certain elements of culture, such as religion, language, history, or political identity TERM 7 nation state DEFINITION 7 an ideal form consisting of a homogenous group of people governed by their own state. In a true _____, no significant group exists that is not part of the nation. TERM 8 sovreignty DEFINITION 8 the exercise of state power over people and territory; that power is recognized by states and codified by international law TERM 9 imperialism DEFINITION 9 the extension of state authority over the political and economic life of other territories; always involves some form of authoritative control of one state by another TERM 10 colonialism DEFINITION 10 form of imperialism; involves formal establishment and maitenance of rule by a sovereign power over a foreign population through the establishment of settlements TERM 21 decision-making capacity DEFINITION 21 because urban settings bring together the decision-making machinery of public and private institutions and organizations, they come to be concentrations of political and economic power TERM 22 generative functions DEFINITION 22 the concentration of people in urban settings makes for much greater interaction and competition, which facilitiates the generation of innovation, knowledge, and information TERM 23 transformative capacity DEFINITION 23 the size, density, and variety of urban populations tends to have a liberating effect on people, allowing them to escape the rigidities of traditional, rural society and to participate in a variety of lifestyles and behaviors TERM 24 urban system DEFINITION 24 an interdependent set of urban settlements within a given region TERM 25 gateway cities DEFINITION 25 serve as a link between one country or region and others because of their physical situation; most are ports TERM 26 urban growth DEFINITION 26 refers to growth that makes intensive use of land for the location of buildings, structures, and impermeable surfaces to such a degree as to be incompatible with the primary use of such land for the production of food, other ag products, or fiber, or the extraction of mineral resources, rural uses, rural development, and natural resource lands. TERM 27 reasons for urban growth in peripheral countries DEFINITION 27 The industrialization of core economies is highly dependent upon the exploitation of peripheral regions TERM 28 exploitation of peripheral regions DEFINITION 28 What does the industrialization of core economies highly depend on to succeed TERM 29 world city/global city DEFINITION 29 city that acts as a control point for global economic networks TERM 30 redlining DEFINITION 30 involves marking off bad-risk neighborhoods on a city map and then using the map to determine lending policy TERM 31 segregation DEFINITION 31 combined result of congregation and discrimination; spatial separation of specific subgroups within wider populations TERM 32 congregation DEFINITION 32 territorial and residential clustering of specific groups or subgroups of people, enables group identity to be consolidated in relation to people and places outside the group TERM 33 urban landscapes DEFINITION 33 The traits, patterns and structure of a city's specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment and its social patterns TERM 34 green revolution DEFINITION 34 in the late 1960s, core countries began exporting fertilizers and high yielding seeds to regions of the periphery in an attempt to boost agricultural production TERM 35 interillage DEFINITION 35 practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden form of agriculture that involves mixing different crops to generate beneficial reactions (agriculture as art) TERM 46 accessibility DEFINITION 46 being able to get to the things you want/need TERM 47 conurbation DEFINITION 47 An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities. TERM 48 enclave DEFINITION 48 here, tendencies toward congregation and discrimination are long-standing but dominated by internal cohesion and identity. The Jewish districts of many of today's cities in Europe and eastern US are examples TERM 49 ghetto DEFINITION 49 long-standing areas, more the product of discrimination than congregation. Examples: African Americans and Hispanics in American cities TERM 50 colonies DEFINITION 50 May result from congregation, discrimination, or both, but in relatively weak and short-lasting ways. Their persistence over time depends on the continuing arrival of new minority-group members. Examples: US cities in early 20th century contained distinctive colonies of German, Scandinavian, Irish, and Italian immigrants that have now all but disappeared; today's examples: Greek and Yugoslav neighborhoods in Australian cities, and _____ of Koreans in Japanese cities TERM 51 utility DEFINITION 51 usefulness to particular person or groups TERM 52 territoriality DEFINITION 52 means of establishing and preserving group membership and identity TERM 53 gentrification DEFINITION 53 invasion of older, centrally located, working-class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and centrally located residences; result in physical renovation and upgrading of housing, but also displace many existing occupants TERM 54 concentric zone theory DEFINITION 54 A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings. TERM 55 central business district DEFINITION 55 a city's nucleus of commercial land use; contains the densest concentration of shops, offices, and warehouses and the tallest nonresidential buildings; usually developed at nodal point of transportation routes,s o it also contains bus stations, railway terminals, and hotels; surrounded by zone of mixed land uses TERM 56 zone in transition DEFINITION 56 area right around CBD that has cheapest accommodations TERM 57 ecological model of understanding urban land use DEFINITION 57 describes neighborhoods as being structured by the invasion of successive waves of migrants and immigrantsthree big concepts:concentric zone, sector, and multiple nucleiChicago is a great example TERM 58 shifting cultivation DEFINITION 58 a form of agricultural usually found in tropical forests, famers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate. contrasts with another method of maintaining soil fertility, in which the fields under cultivation remain the same, but the crops planted are changed to balance the types of nutrients withdrawn from and delivered to the soil. TERM 59 slash and burn DEFINITION 59 existing plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited. The burning process adds valuable nutrients to the soil, such as potash, which is about the only readily available fertilizer. Once the land is cleared and ready for cultivation, it is known as swidden; practiced in Columbia TERM 60 agricultural industrialization DEFINITION 60 process whereby farm has moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to being one part of an integrated multilevel (vertically organized) industrial process that includes production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing TERM 71 political geography DEFINITION 71 global and international relationships as well as geographic and political divisions that stretch from the globe to the neighborhood to the individual body-Aristotle-cyclical and organic TERM 72 political science DEFINITION 72 more concerned with politics than political geography is TERM 73 difference between food insecurity and hunger DEFINITION 73 one is physiological and the other is knowledge of where meal will come from TERM 74 political boundaries DEFINITION 74 school districts, county lines, etc that divide areas TERM 75 green revolution DEFINITION 75 export of a technological package of fertilizers and high- yielding seeds from the core to the periphery to increase global agricultural productivity