Understanding Roofing and Sump Pit Issues: Causes, Types, and Solutions, Exams of Human Resource Management

Download Understanding Roofing and Sump Pit Issues: Causes, Types, and Solutions and more Exams Human Resource Management in PDF only on Docsity! Humber Real Estate - Course 2-Module 6-Understanding Residential Construction - Structural Components Complete Solution The side of the street that abuts or borders a public street or highway - except for waterfront properties which are considered the side that border the body of water. - - Correct Answer Define 'Frontage' The distance between the front and the rear lot lines. - - Correct Answer Define 'Lot Depth' The distance between the two side lot lines. - - Correct Answer Define 'Lot Width' The overall area of the lot. It can be stated in either square feet, square meters, hectares or acres. - - Correct Answer Define 'Lot Size' That which is within the setbacks from the lot lines. - - Correct Answer What is the 'Buildable Area' of a property? - Rectangular lot (most common for residential, frontage is less than the depth) - Square lot (often found in rural areas where overall lot size is larger) - Wide-shallow lot (reduced depth and ample frontage; not common in residential) - Pie-shaped (relatively smaller frontage when compared to the larger read yard area of the lot, with lots of backyard space. Typically found on a cul-de-sac and a garage is often a focal point of the front, so better for privacy.) Reverse pie shape - Wide frontage with smaller backyard. Front appearance of this property needs to be a priority for the buyer. - Corner lot (located at the intersection of 2 roads, additional size and deeper setback requirements on the one side of the property that abuts the road) - - Correct Answer List and define the most common lot shapes. - Additional costs (i.e. an irregular-shaped lot can impact where buildings can be placed, and extending services such as cable deeper into the house can cost more) - Property direction (view / exposure direction of sunlight) - Property features and topography (trees, hilly terrain, a stream) - Surrounding property uses (proximity to nearby nuisances such as an airport) - - Correct Answer What is some other major residential lot considerations to be aware of? No. They are only obligated to provide what they already have. - Correct Answers a seller obligated to provide a new survey to a seller? No, never. - - Correct Answer Can you use a previous listing of a property to confirm lot size? - Whole (the larger number expressed) - Part (the smaller number expressed) - Rate/Ratio (the smaller number's percentage of the whole) which can be expressed as a decimal or a percentage - - Correct Answer percentage is a portion or a part of the whole. Every percentage consists of what 3 components? 3/12 = 0.25 + 50 ft. = 50.25 ft. Remember: There are 12 inches in a foot. So 3 is the part, and 12 is the whole. - - Correct Answer How can you express 50 feet, 3 inches as a decimal? 5050.125 square feet - - Correct Answer If a lot measures 50.25 ft. x 100.5 ft., what is the area of the lot in square feet? The frontage - - Correct Answer Typically what measurement is the first identified in any listing or advertising of a property? - Feet / Inches to meters: Multiply the imperial unit (e.g. 8.5 feet) by 0.3048 for the metric conversion (e.g. 2.59 meters) - Square feet to square meters: Multiply the imperial unit (e.g. 790 square feet) by 0.0929 for the metric conversion (e.g. 73.39 square meters) - Acres to hectares: Multiply the imperial unit (e.g. 8 acres) by 0.4047 for the metric conversion (3.24 hectares) - - Correct Answer What is common formulas used to convert lot measurements from Imperial to Metric? What are common formulas used to convert lot measurements from Metric to Imperial? - Correct Answer- Meters to feet: Multiply the metric unit (e.g. 5 meters) by 3.281 for the Imperial conversion (e.g. 16.41 feet) - Square meters to square feet: Multiply the metric unit (e.g. 70 square meters) by 10.76 for the imperial conversion (e.g. 753.2 square feet) A parking permit through the local municipality may be required, typically at an additional cost. - - Correct Answer What are some considerations when looking at a property that only offers on-street parking? - The most commonly recognized type of front yard parking (i.e. parking in your front yard or on a boulevard), especially in urban areas. - Created by widening the existing driveway up to the front steps to the house. - A permit is often required from the local municipality, particularly for one directly in front of the home. - Most municipalities have extensive application processes and stringent guidelines regarding coverage size and material used for front yard parking. (i.e. sometimes must be constructed from water permeable materials such as interlocking bricks) - This type of parking may have additional costs associated with it, including the application fee and annual fee. - - Correct Answer Describe a Parking Pad. - Jointly used by the owners of the properties it gives access to - Has a right-of-way registered on the title for both homeowners? - Provides each party with the legal right to pass through the grounds or property belonging to the other party. - Owners often will get a city permit to widen the driveway or create a parking pad to use the shared/mutual driveway as a parking option. - Neither party is allowed to park in a way that would prevent the other party from the use and enjoyment of the driveway. Neighbors sometimes have verbal agreements about how to park with a shared driveway. - - Correct Answer What are the characteristics of a shared/mutual driveway? - Not completely enclosed, unlike a garage. - May be extensions of a property's roof structure that is used for covered parking. - The extension to the roof is typically supported by 2 walls and can have multiple opening for access to the vehicle. - - Correct Answer Describe a carport. Yes, and they must meet specifications as set out in the Building Code. - Correct Answers a building permit required to construct a garage or a carport? - Specific uses and related occupancy requirements including acceptable fire and safety standards, means of exit, accessibility, service facilities and loads. - Structural loads foundations and design requirements for structural materials. - Wind, water and vapor protection including vapor barriers, air barriers, control of groundwater and rain penetration and material specifications. - Heating, ventilating and air-conditioning including air duct systems, heating appliances, piping, refrigeration systems and chimneys/venting equipment. - Plumbing, including materials, equipment and specific requirements concerning piping, drainage and venting, along with stipulations regarding the use of potable and non- potable water systems. - Change of use requirements and renovations. - - Correct Answer What factors are covered by the Building Code that pertain to structure design in general but may also relate to garages? - The Ontario Fire Code - The Building Code - The Electrical Safety Code - - Correct Answer When building carports or garages, what codes are excellent resources to identify pertinent requirements? As being entirely within the boundaries of the property. - - Correct Answer How is a privately owned or independent driveway defined? - Poured concrete - Asphalt paved driveway - Stamped concrete driveway - Gravel driveway - Interlocking pavers - Exposed aggregate - - Correct Answer List residential driveway finishes. - Easy to install - Can be poured to form patterns or sections, which allows for contraction or expansion - Need to be sealed with a chemical compound, often on an annual basis, to prevent staining and moisture penetration from vehicle leakage - Treatment also delays or prevents scaling or flaking - This type of driveway finish is expensive compared to other types - - Correct Answer What is the characteristics of a poured concrete driveway? - Very popular - Less expensive than concrete - Requires more maintenance than concrete from cracking but is generally easier to repair - Requires resealing approximately every 2 years, at a relatively small cost to the homeowner - - Correct Answer What are the characteristics of an asphalt paved driveway? - Consists of concrete poured on a surface - Before it dries, it's flattened with mounds of a brick pattern or patterned design - The mixture can be combined with accent colors to provide a more visually appealing appearance - Relatively expensive to install and annual sealing is important to protect appearance, the same as poured concrete - - Correct Answer What are the characteristics of a stamped concrete driveway? - Popular option for homeowners, particularly in more rural areas - Over time can compact and provide a firm surface for parking - Maintenance for this type of driveway finish is minimal but potholes may form and require filling to prevent damage to vehicles - - Correct Answer What is the characteristics of a gravel driveway? - Can be made from either cement, concrete or brick and shaped so that they are able to interlock with other pavers of the same shape, like a jigsaw puzzle - Easily installed without the use of mortar to connect them and provide the appearance of cobblestone - Must be laid out on top of a solid base to prevent shifting, which can cause cracks and gaps to appear or vehicles can cause ruts to appear - This type of driveway provides variability in design, paten and color - May require pressure washing to remove stains from oil, tires or other contaminants because they are porous - Similar to stamped concrete driveways, requires sealing to preserve the appearance - - Correct Answer What are the characteristics of interlocking pavers? - Relatively popular trend in driveway finishes - Can vary in terms of colors and sizes - This style of driveway is formed by using a specialized concrete mix that combines the unique aggregates exposed on the surface - The finished driveway provides a smooth, non-slip texture of stones and pebbles that are part of the concrete's surface - Although this finish is primarily concrete-based, very little of the exposed surface retains the dull grey color of traditional concrete driveways - Relatively expensive type of driveway finish that requires annual maintenance - - Correct Answer What is the characteristics of exposed aggregate driveways? Underground parking. - - Correct Answer What type of parking is commonly seen in townhouses or stacked townhouses? - Observe a metal plaque attached to the front of the house, which may be issued to homeowners by the municipality - Can be an expensive material because of the high labor cost required to assemble the interlocking forms, as well as the shipping and storage expenses. - - Correct Answer What are the characteristics of insulated concrete forms (ICFs)? Water damage - Correct Answers foundations are located below ground level, they can be susceptible to ________ __________ due to the dampness of the soil, or leakage during heavy rain. A waterproof bituminous (i.e. containing asphalt) material and covered with a layer of mortar (called purging). - - Correct Answer What material is applied to the visible surfaces of the foundation above grade to help protect against moisture? - Inward foundation deflection - Foundation cracks - Foundation moisture penetration - - Correct Answer What are some potential problems with residential foundations? Occurs when the foundation is not able to provide sufficient lateral support against the soil surrounding it, pushing the walls inward. - - Correct Answer Describe inward foundation deflection. - Mechanical forces exerted by the equipment during backfilling (i.e. refilling the excavated hole) - Backfilling with frozen soil, as the ice will prevent the soil from properly compacting - Unusual frost development in the soil immediately outside the building, as the soil will freeze and expand - Foundation walls that are either too thin or not properly reinforced, as they are more likely to yield under pressure against the soil surrounding them - The floor system not providing adequate bracing for the top of the foundation wall - - Correct Answer What are some causes of inward foundation deflection? Could lead to water penetration or infestation of insects and vermin. - - Correct Answer What are some potential complications from foundation cracks? Concrete shrinks as it cures and dries. Interruption of the curing process caused by changes in temperature can cause this issue. - - Correct Answer Name a common cause of foundation cracks. A coating of salt on the surface of a porous material. It's a chemical reaction between water and concrete, and nearly always indicates moisture penetration. - - Correct Answer What is efflorescence? Buried along the outer walls of the foundation, these porous pipes typically made from corrugated plastic help to damp-proof basements by allowing water to flow away from the footings, thereby eliminating the accumulation of water around the foundation. - - Correct Answer What is a 'Weeping Tile'? Efflorescence may occur on the inside walls. - - Correct Answer Name a sign that damp-proofing has failed. A structural component that carries the load of a beam vertically down towards the footings of a structure. Each one has its own footing. They are often made of similar building materials to foundations (brick, concrete blocks, and poured concrete, wood or steel). - - Correct Answer What is a post/column in reference to residential construction? - The piers used are not adequate - Deterioration (e.g. wood rot) has occurred - The span between the piers is too large - Inadequate footings below the piers - - Correct Answer Name some reasons structural movement may occur. A vertical load-bearing member, similar to columns. - - Correct Answer What is a pier in reference to residential construction? - Structural cracks - Sagging - Piers that are out of alignment - - Correct Answer What are some signs of structural movement? - Out of plumb (no longer in a vertical position and therefore lose their strength / maintain structural function ... load is no longer balanced) - Inadequate footing (concrete footings are placed under all load-bearing parts under the foundation such as walls, columns, posts & piers ... a post sinking is often the result of either a non-existent or inadequately sized footing) - Undersized component/column (may collapse if too small or has suffered mechanical damage) - Unsecured component (a post that's not properly secured to a beam located above it may cause the structure to shift during wind uplift forces) - Moisture damage (rising dampness is a common problem with brick columns and can be identified by deteriorated mortar and efflorescence on the bottom of the post) - Rust (a primary concern for posts or columns constructed with steel ... often found in a chronically flooding basement and will quickly reduce - - Correct Answer List the problem areas for posts or columns. Out of plumb - - Correct Answer The 1/3 rule is used to determine if a wall is what? Around doors, windows and in the corners. - - Correct Answer Where is cracking on the walls going to be most obvious? - Wall problems - Door/window misalignment - Water movement - Chimney separation - - Correct Answer Name some common signs that you should recommend a foundation inspection to sellers or buyers. - Can be identified initially in subtle ways, such as doors that may stick or windows that are more difficult to open and close - Could lead to doors not aligned enough to completely close - - Correct Answer Describe how misalignment of both windows and doors (as a warning sign of foundation problems) can be identified. During rainy weather, if the water appears to run towards, rather than away from, the structure, this could lead to excess moisture in the soil near the foundation and to foundation problems. This is called negative grade and is often identified by home inspectors. - - Correct Answer Describe how water movement can be an indicator of the need for a foundation inspection. If a chimney begins to separate from the structure, it could be a sign that the foundation of the property may have begun to shift, in a similar way to the misalignment of windows and doors. - Correct Answering what ways can chimney separation is indicative of foundation issues? Stand across the street from the property and do a visual plumb, comparing the vertical angle of the chimney to the roof line or some other component of the house. - - Correct Answer Name an easy way to quickly identify chimney sag. - Platform - Balloon (no longer used) - - Correct Answer Name the 2 types of framing systems that have been used for residential construction. Balloon framing - - Correct Answer What type of framing is common in older homes? Because there is no fire break between floors. Fire from the first floor can travel up the wooden studs without being blocked by the floor of the second story. - - Correct Answer Why is balloon framing rarely used as a construction technique nowadays? Eliminate the source of water from entering the house and any water-damaged components. - - Correct Answer What is a solution for water damage? Damp patches, bubbling paint, crumbling plaster, yellowing or brown discoloration or black patches ... can be caused by rain entering through the walls or roof or being absorbed by the ground, condensation or a combination. - - Correct Answer What are some indicators of water damage? To allow additional space for insulation. - - Correct Answer Why are studs in energy efficient homes are thinner and spaced farther apart. - Shelter tubes (a small tunnel built across any open surface; made from earth, debris and a material they excrete that acts as a binder to hold the tubes together) - Damaged wood (must be probed to identify damage because an infestation can develop unnoticed behind finished basement floors or walls ... frays [i.e. small grey flecks] can be found inside damaged wood to identify a termite infestation) - - Correct Answer Name 2 indications of termite infestations. 20 to 30 - - Correct Answer The chemicals used by pest control professionals are believed to be effective over how many years? Major structural failure and need expert attention. - - Correct Answer Horizontal cracks in a basement wall are a sign of what? By its brown, decayed appearance caused by a fungus attacking the wood cells, causing the cells and the wood to collapse. - - Correct Answer How do you identify wood rot? A lot of moisture (e.g. water leaking through a shower stall into the wood below) - - Correct Answer What is the cause of wood rot? Drywall screws and nails will begin to loosen over time, which causes the drywall to move and push the head of the nail or screw outward, leading to a bubble or blistering of the drywall. - - Correct Answer What’s causes of popped nails? Re-securing the drywall to the framing with new nails and using a hammer to depress the popping nails back to their original location. - - Correct Answer How can you fix the problem of visible nails? To remedy dampness issues or to redirect the inflow of ground water into a basement. - - Correct Answer Why are internal drainage systems often installed? - Improper grading - Defective or absent eaves trough/downspout system - Improperly designed window wells -Ineffective drainage system components - - Correct Answer What are some causes of water penetration? From the build-up of water around the exterior walls of the basement. If the ground around a foundation is level or negative grade (i.e. slopes towards the structure), then the natural run-off water may lead towards the basement. - - Correct Answer How can improper grading be visually identified? The soil next to the house was likely backfilled without being compacted and then later settled. - - Correct Answer What is likely the cause of negative grading? Identify where and how the water flows and redirects it by placing earth around the house to create a slope away from the foundation at a rate of 1 inch per foot, for at least the first 6 feet Note: If the general topography is such that water is directed toward the structure, further measures to divert the water may be required (e.g. installing drain tile around the perimeter of the structure) - - Correct Answer How do you solve improper grading problems? To prevent water penetration through the window an water damage to the window frames, and to allow for egress (exit) out of the basement in case of an emergency. - - Correct Answer What is the purpose of a window well? There is a build-up of water around its base. - - Correct Answer How can you tell if a window well is not functioning properly? - Level the bottom of the window well so that it slopes toward the drain and coat the bottom with stones, which can minimize the collection of water. - Install a window well cover to prevent water from collecting in the bottle of the window well hole. - - Correct Answer How can an improperly designed window well be fixed? A hole dug in the basement floor into which a pump is placed. If water is present under the basement floor, it will enter the pit first as it is lower than the surface of the basement floor. When the water reaches a certain height, the pump will start, and the water will be pumped to the outside of the house by way of a drain hose. - - Correct Answer What is a 'Sump Pit'? Drainage tiles - - Correct Answer What is used to maintain the removal of excess water from soil below the surface? By the build-up of excess water. - - Correct Answer How can you visually identify if a sump pit is not effectively controlling the flow of water? - Pipe collapse - Clogging - Broken pump connection - - Correct Answer What are some reasons that a sump pit or drainage tiles could lose their effectiveness? - Efflorescence - Rusting - Mold & mildew - Stains or discoloration - - Correct Answer What are some indicators of basement leakage? High moisture areas and poor ventilation. - Correct AnswerMould and mildew in basements can often be the result of some form of what? - Leaking foundation - Condensation from appliances, such as hot water heaters, humidifiers or from poorly ventilated basement bathrooms - - Correct Answer What are some causes of mound and mildew in the basement? - Gable - Hip - Gambrel - Mansard - Flat - A-Frame - - Correct Answer What are the different types of roof styles? - More commonly recognized with barn structures although they are also used in residential roofing - Identified from its symmetrical two sides that slope more steeply approximately halfway down the length of either side Pros: Can be structured in a way that can incorporate an attic to the property, which can serve as additional bedroom space or living areas Cons: - Not ideal for areas with frequent high winds or snowfall) - May require more frequent maintenance than other roof styles - - Correct Answer Describe a 'Gambrel Roof' - Has 2 sloped sides and a gable (i.e. enclosing portion at the end of any pitched roof) on either end - When viewed, has the appearance of an inverted letter "V" Pros: Relatively easy and inexpensive to construct - Holds up the sheathing and shingles while transferring the roof loads to the outside or the bearing walls of a structure - Contain triangle-shaped webs inside their frame that serve as additional support - - Correct Answer What is a 'Roof Truss'? - The fink truss, with internal support beams or web members, form the shape of the letter W - The Howe truss uses the same material but in a vertical web running up to its peak Note: The Howe truss is considered the stronger of the 2, but both are adequate to support a roof system. - - Correct Answer Trusses are typically designed using wood come in what kinds of design? - A roof component commonly associated with sloped roofs - Supports the roof sheathing and transmits the roof loads to bearing walls and beams below - Some support finished ceilings, such as cathedral ceilings (insulation is often fitted between the rafter) - Considered better suited for smaller constructions such as smaller houses, sheds and garages - - Correct Answer What is a 'Rafter'? - Laterally placed wood members installed between opposing rafters approximately halfway up the attic space - Designed to prevent rafters from sagging inward - - Correct Answer What is a 'Collar Tie'? - A small wall, typically built with two-by-four wood studs in the attic that prevents rafter sag - In one-and-one-half or two-story houses they sometimes form the walls of a room on the upper floor as they run from the attic floor up to the underside of the rafters near their midpoint - Upper rooms created by this approach often have partly sloped ceilings - - Correct Answer What is a 'Knee Wall'? - Ice damming - Tree branches touching roof (abrasive and can damage the roof / give easy access to pests like squirrels) - Sheathing issues (condensation causing moisture in the attic, too thin resulting in sagging, lack of edge support leading to differential movement between two panels, further leading to horizontal ridges appearing in the roofing) - Truss issues (cutting a truss in one spot may compromise the entire truss structure; truss uplift where the bottom member of the truss deflects upward during winter weather .... this issue is common in new houses) - Rafter issues (rafter spread/over-spanned; condensation) - Collar tie issues (Buckling; Missing; Bracing; Wrong location; Low slope roof) - Knee wall issues (rot, termites, mechanical damage, fire damage) - Flashing issues (becomes loose and separate from the surface its intended to seal) - - Correct Answer What are some potential problems with roofs? - Occurs when snow and ice collect in a certain area of the roof, often the eaves - Melting snow on the upper portion of the roof cannot drain properly as it is trapped behind the ice dam - It will back up under the shingles and leak into the eaves, the exterior walls or the building interior - Normally happens after periods of heavy snow when day time temperatures are at, or slightly above, freezing and night time temperatures are below freezing - - Correct Answer Describe the problem of 'Ice Damming' - Temperature and humidity changes in the attic during winter affects the sections of the truss above the insulation level differently than the bottom chord buried in the insulation, resulting in an upward bowing of the bottom chord Note: It's not a serious structural problem. - - Correct Answer What is a common cause of 'Truss Uplift'? - Sheathing - Rafters - Truss - - Correct Answer salesperson is representing a seller and has noticed several ridges on the roof of the house. The salesperson recommends that the seller have the roof inspected, and believes that this problem is linked to a specific roofing component. Which components cause the ridges to appear on the roof? - The material that covers the underside of the overhang of a roof - Without them, the ends of the rafters and trusses would be visible - Serves both aesthetic and functional purposes for a residential structure - Protect the truss from weather conditions (exposed rafters could increase the potential for mound and the rotting of beams to occur) - Vented soffits can also help regulate air circulation to upper level floors, including attics - - Correct Answer What are 'Soffits'? - The wooden board or otherwise flat piece of material that covers the ends of the rafters, and is visible from the exterior of a property. - They hold the eaves troughs in place and can be used to prevent moisture from entering the attic. - - Correct Answer What is 'Fascia'? - Attached to both the fascia board and downspout - Collect rainwater that flows through the downspout to grade level, protecting against wall damage and localized ground level erosion caused by roof run-off - Help keep basement areas dry by directing water away from the foundation - Should be directed a good distance from the house; 6 feet or more if possible and are typically aluminum, galvanized steel, plastic or copper - Can be connected to the weeping tile at the base of the footing which then carries the water away from the foundation (though this practice is being discouraged in many municipalities due to sewers becoming overloaded and increasing the risk of basement flooding) - - Correct Answer What are 'Eaves troughs and Downspouts'? - A crucial factor for residential structures - Attics can be a common area for the formation of mound and wood rot - Sufficient air circulation is required to eliminate moisture from collecting in the attic - One solution is to install a continuous ridge-and-soffit ventilation system that creates a continuous flow of air upward from the eaves or soffits out through the ridge - - Correct Answer Describe and 'Attic Venting System' - Snow melting unevenly in the winter - Curled or cracked shingles - Mold or mildew inside the attic - Rosy nails A negative number indicates that more heat is lost than gained. Value ranges are from a low of -80 (very poor) to +12 (excellent). For example, a rating of -8 to +12 would roughly correspond to an R-value of a 5 and a window between -15 and +15 would represent an R-value of 4. - - Correct Answer What does the CSA efficiency rating measure? - Heat gain or loss - Moisture penetration - Security - Functionality - - Correct Answer What factors affect window quality? That the window has met the criteria that enables it to be considered high quality. - - Correct Answer What does a CSA certification on a window mean? Low-e (low emissivity) refers to the ability of a surface to reflect long-wave radiation. Low-e glass contains a thin metallic layer that allows sunlight into the structure during winter months. This layer slows down the outward flow of internally generated furnace heat. In summer, this same glazing allows sunlight into rooms but reduces unwanted heat, which translates into lower cooling costs. Another bonus is limited short-wave and long- wave infrared solar radiation and ultraviolet rays which can damage draperies, furnishings and carpeting. - - Correct Answer What does Low-e mean? A measure of heat flow through an object (e.g. window glazing), often referred to as the heat transfer coefficient. It's a component for establishing the efficiency rating (ER) of windows. The U-value is the reciprocal of the R-value commonly associated with insulation. If the U-value decreases, the R-value increases. - - Correct Answer What does U-value mean? It increases. - - Correct Answer If the U-value decreases, what happens to the R- value? True - - Correct Answer True or false? A house's orientation can impact its desirability (e.g. a house facing North / North-East will get more sunlight during the daytime.) False. Buying a property with a parking pad does not entitle the new homeowner to continue using it. They must re-apply for a permit even if it was legally registered by the previous homeowner. - - Correct Answer True or false? A parking pad approval from the municipality runs with the land. Buckling - - Correct Answer What is the problem when a roof's collar ties are an inadequate size, leading to bending in the middle? Sheathing (which can cause ridges to appear). - - Correct Answer What roof component is affected by unsupported edges? A type of framing system in which the walls are constructed first and the floor systems are hung from the walls. - - Correct Answer Describe 'Balloon Framing'. When roof sheathing is too thin and leads to sagging of the roof line. - - Correct Answer When does 'Deflecting' occur?